Crime Scene Reconstruction free essay sample

It has moved past a physical boundary permitting experts to dismember the wrongdoing scene to recognize proof frequently missed basically strolling through the conventional strides of portraying. There is presently the open door for anybody to return to the wrongdoing scene the following day, one week from now, or years from now. This is a significant the wrongdoing scene leaving nothing to the Jurors creative mind. As indicated by the Department of Safety for the State of Connecticut, measurable wrongdoing scene reproduction is the way toward deciding the succession of occasions about what happened during and after a wrongdoing (Department of Public Safety Scientific Services, 010). Wrongdoing scene remaking regularly begins thoughts of what occurred during the wrongdoing and afterward moves to an examination of the proof at the scene. It centers around social occasion as much information and proof to frame a legitimate speculation. The theory would then be able to be exposed to different tests to demonstrate or invalidate the general translation of the remaking. When the recreation is formalized a hypothesis can be resolved on the side of the remaking. There are three kinds of wrongdoing scene reproductions. They are explicit episode remaking, explicit occasion recreation, and explicit physical proof reproduction. Explicit episode reproduction includes remaking a wrongdoing scene where a mishap or occurrence happened. This will be required during such rates as auto collisions or murders. The reason for existing is to recognize the sorts of proof that can be related with these occurrences. Utilizing explicit occasion remaking, the arrangement of occasions or timetables can be set up. This type of remaking takes a gander at how the entirety of the bits of the riddle fit together. With explicit occasion remaking the grouping of occasions can be resolved. The last sort of reproduction is explicit physical proof recreation. This includes proof, for example, blood and projectiles. Through recreation of blood splatter, it very well may be resolved where the shooter was remaining during a crime. It will likewise help distinguish the area of the slug on the off chance that it is exits the body of the person in question. Catching the wrongdoing scene is a significant piece of the wrongdoing scene reproduction process. Run of the mill techniques incorporate outlining the wrongdoing scene utilizing diagram paper and a pencil or taking photos from a computerized camera. Both of these techniques do give a depiction of the wrongdoing scene for conservation in any case, they don't catch the scene completely. A sketch will note estimations of physical proof in their connection to the casualties body or to such things as furniture and entryways. Be that as it may, it is totally depending on the specialist to gracefully precise estimations and recognizable proof of the physical proof. Utilizing 3D innovation, the whole wrongdoing scene can be broke down for exact estimations at whenever. A bit of leeway that 3D innovation has over different strategies for wrongdoing scene recreation is that it can safeguard the wrongdoing scene in a second in time. This is indispensable if the scene is in a populated zone and needs to come back to its characteristic state as quickly as time permits. Consider an accident scene including two vehicles on a turnpike in Los Angeles during busy time that brought about a casualty. The time it takes to clear the scene is a significant variable when gathering the proof. Under these conditions, there might be proof that goes unnoticed by a specialist that is portraying the scene. Also the time that it takes to do physical estimations. Utilizing 3D innovation can permit the examiner to gather the information and have certainty that nothing will missed. So as to catch a wrongdoing scene completely different sweeps of the scene must be thought of. The assortment of information originates from just the perspective of the agent. Consider catching the picture of a car. If we somehow happened to remain at the front of the car we would not be of the vehicle to so as to gather a total picture. One device used to gather 3D pictures from a wrongdoing scene is an adjusted advanced camera. It utilizes an innovation called sound system photography. Standard photos are just 2-dimensional portrayals of what you see. 3-dimensional photos are taken from two points of view. Since we have two eyes, we will require two points of view on a scene. By driving each eye to see just one photo, I. e. the left eye sees the left photo and the correct eye sees the correct photo, your mind will reproduce the profundity data from the two pictures and you will see a 3D picture (3dphotography, 2010). The utilization of adjusted computerized cameras permits the watcher to consider the to be as it would have been seen by the individual taking the photos. At the point when numerous photos are consolidated, a reproduction of the scene is made. Another device that is utilized to gather 3D pictures from a wrongdoing scene is a 3D scanner or laser. A 3D scanner is known for high-precision and long range. Most 3D scanners can gather information from 900 feet away. It can work in splendid daylight or all out obscurity, inside or out. The inherent advanced camera permits the deliberate 3D information (known as a point cloud) to naturally be mapped making a 3D rendering of the scene (3D Forensic Mapping, 2010). The 3D scanner rapidly digitizes a scene utilizing both all encompassing photography and 3D laser filtering which is the way toward making a large number of exceptionally precise estimations in Just a couple of moments. The outcome is a precise 3D portrayal of he scene from which any estimation can be made, even long after the scene has been emptied. In the case of utilizing an aligned computerized camera or a 3D scanner, the time has come to make a 3D model of the information. The models are gathered in 3D liveliness programming. This is the point at which the information that was gathered at the wrongdoing scene is placed into the product. On account of the utilizing an adjusted advanced camera, every pixel is allocated a facilitate. The organize is comprised of XYZ; where X is an Easting coordinate, Y is a Northing direction, and Z is the height. The pixels or directions are then lotted on a 3 dimensional matrix. In the event that we consider a sketch that is commonly performed at a wrongdoing scene, it is spread out on a bit of chart paper. The examiner relegates a specific estimation among squares and afterward plots all the overall things of the wrongdoing scene at the regarded separation. This would be viewed as a 2 dimensional drawing where just X Y are plotted. In a 3D plot, it incorporates the Z esteem. This gives the 3 dimensional model its profundity. Along these lines, the various photos taken with the adjusted advanced camera are overlaid, doled out an arrange, and demonstrated into a 3D picture. The 3D scanner isn't vastly different from an adjusted computerized camera, in spite of the fact that it utilizes an infrared laser to gather information focuses rather than pixels. The equipment at that point doles out directions to every information point and the product plots them. A 3D scanner can gather upwards of 100,000 information focuses every second (Oberle, 2009). This makes a gigantic preferred position over utilizing advanced camera which can just gather as much as 8 million pixels with every photograph (Patterson, 2010). It would just take a scanner Just longer than a moment to outperform a computerized camera in goals. Now, the scene is prepared for survey. With the mix of photograph like pictures the product will permit the watcher to turn the pictures 360-degrees. Taking a gander at the PC screen, you will have the option to enter the wrongdoing scene as though you were really there. This can be replicated and seen by anybody with access to the 3D programming. It turns into a wrongdoing scene, the almost certain proof won't go unnoticed. While surveying the wrongdoing scene recreation, estimations can be accomplished right from the workplace. Since every information point is allocated a facilitate, the separation recipe can be utilized to figure removes between two focuses. The product incorporates a calculation that can rapidly compute the separation between any focuses chose by the client. In this manner, deciding explicit physical proof recreation, for example, blood splatter is made conceivable back at the workplace. In blood splash proof, the estimations will help ascertain the mass of each drop from the size of its stain, and utilize this to compute its greatest likely speed. Air drag would destroy a bead in the event that it voyaged quicker than this cutoff (Marks, 2010). With that data, and an edge of effect evaluated from the state of the stain, the product extends an ealistic direction in reverse so as to find the starting point of the blood splash.

Marketing Plan of PepsiCo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Promoting Plan of PepsiCo - Essay Example The specialist expresses that the PepsiCo exchanges an enormous scope of brand including Pepsi cola, diet Pepsi, Doritos and Lipton teas among others. Nonetheless, the organization faces a firm consummation from the Coca-Cola and draft nourishments the two of which are making advertising way in America, Europe and Asia. As per William and Robert the organization must arrangement with various neighborhood brands and assurance the devotion of customer’s requests. Along these lines, PepsiCo’s advertiser should perseveringly inquire about on customer’s inclinations and study the effect of natural powers to build up the exact promoting blend for the correct market. The organization has discharged that a large portion of the masses experience the ill effects of wellbeing situations; in this way, it has built up another item that will meet the more advantageous dietary pattern of clients. The walkers’ snacks are the new item in the market, portrayed by their low sodium content. The item was found to meet the United Kingdom’s crusade to caution clients on the dangers engaged with the admission of high substance of salt. The organization took the motivation of presenting this item that would catch the rising interest of clients to change their weight control plans to something more beneficial in the market. So as to advertise the walker’s snacks in the market, PepsiCo Company has started decreasing the degree of salt in a few different snacks around the world. By so doing, the clients will pick the company’s item, and thusly they buy the new item among others. In the interim, it is talking utilization of fats and sugar by making marking progressively noticeable with the goal that clients can settle on taught decisions. As indicated by Justin and Longenecker (2011, 69), this technique is very worthwhile to the organization in showcasing the new item since it catches the customer’s certainty of the items offered in t he market. At the point when clients are persuaded of the nature of different results of PepsiCo, it will be simple for them to acknowledge and acknowledge the new item without any problem. Cheverton (2005, P. 57) demonstrate that the organization by means of escalated examine saw that there was a higher utilization of advanced media among youthful grown-ups and youth that would be a huge and beneficial objective market for the new item. In this way, the organization will utilize the web, Facebook, twitter to speak with clients and impact these clients on the critical of the item. It will permit clients to cast a ballot online for the new item will advance the item among the promoting blend in the market. The organization will run substance requesting that clients frame and submit custom made TV ads for the new item in the market. The organization has consolidated the advanced showcasing with social duty in that it will welcome the clients to apply online for awards that would chang e their general public. Roberts (2011, P.57) demonstrate that the methodology will make the clients notice and react to its social duty and advance the purchasing choice of the new item in the market because of the earned positive picture of the organization. The showcasing research done on the customer’s inclination and requests in different nations will keep up a constant flow of new item presented in the market. Budgetary administration The great promoting systems of the PepsiCo Company would make the presentation of the walkers nibble in the market achievement. The organization planned to acknowledge income of one million only 25 days after the item is presented in the market. In any case, the new item is once in a while a prompt accomplishment because of the difficulties experienced during advertising. Therefore, the Pepco advertisers would be amazingly sharp in the buying example of the clients. The organization ought to continually alter item costs.

Blog Archive mbaMission Releases New Insiders Guides

Blog Archive mbaMission Releases New Insider’s Guides We are pleased to release our new mbaMission Insider’s Guides to eight top-business schools (34-40 pages each): Harvard, Stanford, Columbia, Wharton, Kellogg, Chicago, Tuck and Ross. (NYU, MIT, Duke and Haas will be released shortly). Through our guides, you will gain a powerful  understanding  of your target schools, learning about their unique attributes: Defining characteristics of  each school’s location, class size, curriculum, teaching methods, facilities, alumni base/involvement and rankings Courses, experiential opportunities, faculty and clubs related to MBAs’ most common career areas: Consulting, Finance, Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Venture Capital/Private Equity, InternationalBusiness, Health Care, Nonprofit/Social Entrepreneurship and Real Estate (where applicable) The Admissions Committee’s stance on such elements as GMAT/TOEFL scores, layoffs/unemployment, recommendations, the waitlist and more Notable professors, classes and social and community events Admission and employment statistics Until July 28, 2009, we will be offering our guides at an introductory price of $20. Thereafter, they will be available for $25. Please take advantage of this limited time offer. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

My Experience At The First Time Essay - 1345 Words

One weekend I went out with friends for the first time since returning to campus from winter break. It was also the first time I smoked weed since breaking up with him, and I had also been drinking that night. I did have fun; my friends looked out for me and dropped me of in my dorm. But once I was in my room, he contacted me wanting to talk. Up until then we had not been in communication because he expressed having no desire to talk to me after â€Å"what I did† to end the relationship. I was aware of my state and told him I was not sober. Apparently neither was he, which would supposedly make us â€Å"talking† better cause it would be more â€Å"honest†. So he comes over and I let him in. I have so many regrets, but I also know that my decisions while under the influence did not give him the permission to do what he did. I let him into my room, I let him talk to me because I could not respond with what I wanted to say to him in my state, I let him kiss me because I could not resist him†¦and he took it further than I wanted to go. A week later, I confided to one of my Academic Deans about what happened and an Order of No Contact was put into place. The experience sent me on an emotional spiral. I had difficulty focusing on schoolwork, eating, sleeping in my room, walking around campus alone and getting my mind off of him. The clinic became my worst nightmare. I had my first panic attack while the nurses attempted to insert the speculum in me to collect evidence of his fluidsShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The First Time901 Words   |  4 PagesSitting in class for the first time, it was half of what I expected. I expected to sit by people I didn’t know, learn about old things in new lights, and writing a lot of papers. What I didn’t expect was me hating college. I am not as creative as some teaches would like, but that isn’t my personality, and I dint want it to be either. I fully expected college t o try and morph me into a perfect little student that I knew I wasn’t. College so far to me hasn’t been fun and I will treat it like Wal-MartRead MoreMy Experience Teaching For The First Time A Close Reading Activity971 Words   |  4 PagesBased on my experience teaching for the first time a close reading activity I find that responding critically to a text is important because it lets you know more of the reading than event in a text. As a student, I did not like to read and I am guessing is because I was not taught effective reading strategies that could help me improve my reading comprehension and really understand the meaning behind the words of book. Through this activity, the learners, where able to go deeper into the text andRead MorePersonal Experience : My Experience920 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Experience Whatever experience, we have either good, bad or ugly; our experience reflects on our behavior or action. In life everybody has their own experience; as Lewis N. Roe said â€Å"personal experiences are probably the most convincing reason to believe for any individual who has had them†. My personal experience is the 1st hand experience that belongs to my private events that have taken place in my life. This personal experience is what makes me who I am and shape me the way to reactRead MoreMy Positive Writing Experience : My Amazing Life Experience1397 Words   |  6 PagesMy Amazing Life Story Experience Writing my life story was an overwhelmingly positive experience for me. This story was an important story for me to tell because it is about the day that I met my sponsor child. That experience of meeting my sponsor child was an experience that changed my life because I was able to physically see the boy that I have been pouring into. This experience also took my relationship with my sponsor child to another level because I was there in Zimbabwe Africa building myRead MoreWhy I Am Interested Of Taking The Chromatin, Epigenetics, And Gene Expression Course995 Words   |  4 Pagesgo beyond his experience†, this statement by John Locke captures the essence of why I am interested in taking the Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Gene Expression course. I have always had a lifelong thirst for knowledge. As a child I was always asking questions about why or how things worked. I would always tinker with things, taking them apart and reassembling them. I questioned pretty much everything and longed to be able to do experiments and find solutions to unanswered questions on my own. In highRead MoreLearning Expirience907 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Experience PSY/103 Learning Experience Experience can shape our behavior and personality. More over our experiences contribute to our development over time. Learning process occurs when we experience situation that have negative or positive effect on us. In this essay I will briefly describe my personal learning experience; I will also define the concept of learning, and will provide analysis of what I have learned from this experience. In addition my essay will includeRead MoreFormal And Informal Educational Experiences1596 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Experiences Michael E Emmering March 16, 2016 LAS 20010 College Seminar I: Exploring Ottawa University â€Æ' Learning Autobiography (LAB # 1) In this paper you will learn my insights into my life. I will touch on my formal and informal education. I will reflect on the four Breadth areas of Ottawa University’s program of liberal arts studies. Future goals, philosophy, values, and obstacles will be discussed. This will include significant people and events that have happened in my life. FormalRead MoreBecoming An Educator Is Enriching A Student s Life854 Words   |  4 Pageslife. This is a very profound and satisfying way to spend a career. My primary reason for deciding to pursue a Master of Science in First-Year Studies is because I feel the strong desire to positively influence and educate students. I began to enjoy school and education at the tail-end of my undergraduate studies at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). Prior to that point in my life, my passion was playing basketball. Throughout my educational career, I was a student-athlete who struggled academicallyRead MoreReflection On Experience Of Cooking848 Words   |  4 PagesMy reflection will cover my service learning experienced with Boise Parks and Recreation adaptive cooking class. First, I will recount my experiences with the adaptive cooking class. Secondly, I will describe my experiences and personal growth acting as a sous-chef for the instructor. Next, in this section I will explain the purpose of the class. Finally, I will connect how poverty affects the people able to participate, a brief history and programs benefiting people and society. My experienceRead MoreSex Education And Public Schools Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will address virginity, first sexual experiences, sex education in public schools, and abortion. The first two topics, virginity and first sexual experiences, coming from a personal perspective as well as some credible sources. I will also include the historical aspects of virginity, the creation and use of the concept, and why it’s in our society. The last topic is my concern for the lack of sex education in public schools and mentioning the harm of abstinence only sex education

The Silent Victim Patrick s Struggle - 1920 Words

Katrina’s Silent Victim: Patrick’s Struggle Unit 9 Assignment By Jamaica Oglesby Michelle March, Ph.D., Instructor Kaplan University School of Social and Behavioral Sciences PS506-Lifespan Development October 29, 2014 Katrina’s silent victim: Patrick’s Struggle Abstract Some people believe that the environment you grow up in coupled with traumatic events will dictate your life and the success you have in life. The story of Patrick shows that this is not the common case for everyone. Patrick had the common challenges of growing up poor and in a bad neighborhood but he did not expect to lose his mom at such a young age to a storm called Katina. This paper is going to give you some insight into how Patrick was before Katrina hit†¦show more content†¦(Berk L.2014). Cognitive. With Patrick being just 16, the frontal lobe is not fully developed therefore his ability to think logically, control his impulses and emotions, use judgment and insight is not working correctly. (Fine, J. G., Sung, C. 2014). A lot of things that he has been told and taught not to do is null and void when peer pressure is involved. Because of this lag in brain development, peer pressure and the environment has so much influence on him. He gets that he may look back and regret some of his decisions later in life, but for right now, he is living in the right now. Because he is not concerned with his personal health and safety, it is very common for him to partake in illegal activities, unprotected sex, drug and alcohol abuse, and other activities that could lead to his untimely death. (Fine, J. G., Sung, C. 2014). Psychosocial. This stage is looking at how Patrick will function psychologically in the social areas of his life. According to Erickson’s theories, Patrick being in the identity verses confusion phase, he is easily swayed in his decisions because he is learning what is true for him. (Berk, L. 2014). In this stage, Patrick is testing his beliefs and desires and looking to respected people to give him the feedback to affirm his decisions. Without this affirmation, Patrick will grow up to be insecure and battling his identity as to what he truly wants and desires.Show MoreRelatedThe Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontà «2000 Words   |  8 Pageschild, there were six children in totality: Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Branwell, Emily, and Anne. Their father, Patrick Brontà « was an Irishman, and they all lived as a close-knit family, and loved each other dearly, and continued to do so. (â€Å"Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬  2). After their mother, Maria passed away, the two eldest daughters, Maria and Eli zabeth died. Due to that, they left the father, Patrick to take care of the remaining three daughters and son (â€Å"Brontà «: History† 2) by being the eldest, Charlotte had aRead MoreEssay on One Flew Over the Crucifix1969 Words   |  8 Pagessuicides of several patients and even the eventual lobotomy and death of McMurphy himself when he crosses the final line (Kesey). In Ken Kesey’s novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest he employs the theme of sacrifice to reflect upon the counterculture struggle of the 1960s. One way Kesey shows his theme of sacrifice is through the books narrator, Chief Bromden. The Chief is a large, 68 Native American man who has been on the ward longer than anyone else but Nurse Ratched. He has gone through repeatedRead More The Representation of Minorities in American Cinema Essay2440 Words   |  10 Pagesthe sweatshop, but is seen making his way up the social ladder†¦in later films this will also mean abandoning the religion (Erens, 45). Overriding all of these character types, genres, and themes is the pervasive image of the Jew as an Outsider and Victim. This image has been repeated over and over†¦sometimes from a sympathetic perspective, ofttimes with anti-Semitic intent. The dominant portrayal is one of suffering, and while this theme fades somewhat in the twenties, it will continue to characterizeRead MoreThe New World s Tempest3495 Words   |  14 Pagesdetailing a twelve year power struggle that is resurfacing itself in a treacherous plot for powe r. In comparison to the New World’s politics, â€Å"The Tempest† can be read as a play that deals with these same political issues: rebellion of constituted authorities, colonization of a new land, dehumanizing of the natives, marriages and romances of royalty, masters and servants, Christian virtues, and visions of a utopia. In the New World, there is a balance of power and a struggle to maintain this balanceRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pageslives together with her partner Sally Seton in a flat on West Tenth Street in New York City, and her lost love Richard, with whom she and Louis formed a love triangle in the sixties and who then entered a long-term relationship with Louis, is now a victim of AIDS. However, Cunningham inverts the heterosexual pattern of Mrs. Dalloway in favour of homosexual relationships not only for the protagonists but also for minor characters. While the Clarissa of Mrs. Dalloway is vexed by her daughter ElizabethRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesVladimir Ilyich Lenin Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'€ ИÐ »Ã'Å'Ð ¸Ã'‡ ЛÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ½ | | Lenin in 1920 | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Soviet Union (Premier of the Soviet Union) | In office 30 December 1922  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Russian SFSR | In office 8 November 1917  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Member of the PolitburoRead MoreThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 PagesTOPIC: THE NIGER DELTA STRUGGLES: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE CONTROL. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The Niger Delta region, Nigeria s oil belt has been the site of a generalized ethnic and regional struggle for self-determination since 1998, the location of often-violent confrontations between local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as community agitationRead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 Pagespronounced his last name ‘Mee-show,’ though some who knew him insist it was ‘Mi-shaw.’ The correct pronunciation of his name is only the beginning of the ambiguities and mysteries associated with Oscar Micheaux† Patrick Mulligan—Oscar Micheaux: The Great and Only: The Life of America s First Black Filmmaker From the very beginning of the early stages in American cinema, African Americans had a presence on the silver screen. The twentieth century created a new era of cinema that consisted of filmsRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pages I knew I could always count on you. You know you can. Just want you to be happy. Youre a good friend. Hey, Duncan, Thomas! another voice yelled. Patrick and Lucas ran up to the two. Thomas leaned forward with anticipation. Patrick, did it come in? Yeah, he replied while reaching into his pocket. Patrick pulled out a small cardboard box. Your Japanese charm necklace came in. Here. He passed it to Thomas. He opened it and took out his necklace that had a Japanese characterRead MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pages01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page iii The Five Dysfunctions of aTeam A L E A D E R S H I P FA B L E Patrick Lencioni 01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page ii 01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page i Also by Patrick Lencioni Leadership Fables The Five Temptations of a CEO The Four Obsessions of an Extraordinary Executive Death by Meeting Silos, Politics, and Turf Wars Field Guide Overcoming the Five Dysfunctions of a Team

The Prosecution Of Sexual Assault - 1232 Words

The prosecution of sexual assault is unlike the prosecution of any other criminal offence. There an intense focus on the character and motivation of the complainant. Traditionally, this focus has translated into a preoccupation with aspects of the complainant s behavior which is not immediately related to the circumstances of the offence. One example is whether the complainant provided a â€Å"recent complaint† after the assault. This focus also results in an extraordinary interest in the demonstration of proof of resistance by the complainant and the corresponding application of force by the perpetrator, though neither is an element of the crime. A proper appreciation of the law in this area requires an understanding of the legal evolution of†¦show more content†¦It is not mentioned in our conversations and that silence contributes to the continuation of domestic and sexual violence. As early as the year 800, rape was a capital offense in Anglo-Saxon England. In 1769 , William Blackstone, the leading eighteenth-century authority on common law in both England and the colonies, defined â€Å"common law rape† as the â€Å"carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will† (Samaha). The definition boiled down to four elements: Sexual intercourse by force or a threat of severe bodily harm (actus reus). Intentional vaginal intercourse (mens rea). Intercourse between a man and a woman who wasn’t his wife (attendant circumstance). Intercourse without the woman’s consent (attendant circumstance). The common law required proof beyond a reasonable doubt of all four elements. In the common law trials, rape victims were allowed to testify against accused rapists; it was up to the jury to decide whether to believe them. But the victim’s credibility depended on three conditions, always difficult (and often impossible) to satisfy: Her chastity, whether she promptly reported the rape, whether other witnesses corroborat ed the rape (womanslawproject.org). By the 1970s and 1980s was a time of major reform of sex offense laws. First, states changed rape prosecution procedures that had been in effect since the 1600s. Many states abolished the corroboration rule that required the

The Idea of Reparations free essay sample

Imagine being out in the fields hunting with your father. It has been a long day and a spitted warthog hangs between you. All of a sudden you are ambushed! An enemy tribe attacks you and your father. You fight using your makeshift spear but are overwhelmed by the number of tribesmen. You are hit in the head with a rock and fall unconscious. When you wake you are being loaded into a great wooden monster. You cringe in fear as you and your fellow captives are herded into this great wooden beast. You scream in protest at the white men who have chained you but they just beat you on the head with their rifles.You are taken into a dark and disgusting hold. The prisoners next to you are screaming in fear. The smell of waste and vomit permeates everything. As a white man chains you down below you think of your family and realize you are never going to see them again. Sleep comes slowly because Of the cries Of pain and misery; the rocking of the floor eventually puts you to sleep. A long time has passed. Your days consist of sleeping in your own filth, eating a disgusting porridge, and rarely seeing outside your hold. But one day the hold is opened and bright light blinds you.You are lifted to your weakened legs and led outside. The land is alien to you, and white men are everywhere. You are paraded in front of a great throng of white people. The humiliation is great as you are poked and inspected. Eventually you are shackled and loaded onto a horse-drawn cart. The ride is long and uncomfortable and the destination more frightening. You have no idea what is going to happen to you and are very much afraid. You come to a great house and are taken to the fields around the house. You are given into the custody of a great white brute.He puts you into a small cottage with other black men. You have a very difficult time understanding their languages but eventually they get a message across to you: You are a slave, and will live the rest of your days as one. This horrific experience happened an innumerable amount of times to the unfortunate victims of slavery. For 400 hundred years families, and sometimes entire communities, were herded onto ships and taken to the Americas and other distant lands to be sold into bondage. The sad tale of African Americans hardships in America does not end there.After slavery was abolished with the Emancipation Proclamation African Americans were treated as second-class citizens. The inabilities to vote or own land were sights blacks were denied. The Jim Crow laws acted as inhibitors to the development and prosperity of the African American community and stayed in place until the Civil Rights movement of the mid-20th century. After segregation was outlawed the black man was finally counted as an equal in America, five centuries after first setting foot on her (Randall). Of course the first emotional response to such a grave amount of injustice is outrage.Millions Of men, women, and children taken from their homes, transported on ships on which the inanimate cargo received better treatment, and sold to there men as objects. This horrifying and sad fully truthful scenario would disturb anyone with a conscious. The Mosaic Law demanded that when a fellow man was wronged he be monetarily compensated for the injustice, and the black community feels the same way. Now an old issue is getting an increasing amount of attention: Dont African Americans deserve reparations for the suffering and injustice their people have gone through?Reparations are defined as resources offered in return for harmful acts committed against a population (Reparations For African American Slavery). The offering of operations is an acknowledgment of responsibility, and an attempt to correct the wrongs of the past, as well as an attempt to repair the damage of the wrongs of the past . The African American community likens their situation to that of the Jews and Japanese Americans. The Israeli government has received nearly 100 billion in German marks for the crimes against Jews during the Holocaust.The American government has also monetarily compensated Japanese Americans for the wrongful internment of their peoples during World War II (Merriam). So, the black community asks, where is our insemination for centuries of free labor and suffering? Initially, after hearing Of the brutal suffering and injustice during slavery, one would agree with this statement. But the situation is more complex than that, and after taking everything into account, the realization that the debt has been paid. The African American community is the most prosperous black community in the world.The amount of educational and vocational opportunities is more numerous in the United States then any other country. Some of todays black communities clamor for reparations, but reparations to the black community is neither just nor wise. This is true for several reasons: those who would pay are innocent, further visualization of the black community would only bring more damage to it, and the debt has been paid, more than once. All those who are responsible for slavery, directly or indirectly, are dead. Their immediate families are dead.The only existing entity that benefited from slavery is the United States government. Todays black community that demands reparations demands it from the United States of America. The lowest monetary estimate for damages are around twenty-four trillion dollars (Reparations For African American Slavery). Though some estimate that to repay damages regarding slavery would cost around 900 trillion (Meriwether). Even for the wealthiest country in the world that amount is too much. Should the payments even be attempted it would fall at the feet of innocent taxpayers.Only one in five whites of the Antebellum South owned slaves. Even if that ratio was applied today the resulting amount of white Americans couldnt possibly pay the damages. It also would not be fair to tax the many immigrants of this country. Millions of todays citizens of America descend from immigrants who had absolutely nothing to do with slavery (Lowermost). Should they pay to? Those groups Of people who the black community likens themselves too, were paid directly, or to their direct family if the victim had died. This applied in both the case of Jews in the holocaust and Japanese Americans who were interned.The German government continues to pay the Israeli because as a race they were intentionally being exterminated, and as a race they have come together as a nation. This does not apply to todays black community. The last slave or immediate family member of a slave is dead. So why should todays blacks receive money for suffering they did not endure? The question is easy to answer [Lethe should not. The black community also believes there has been long-term damage caused by slavery and the result of it is a high percentage of black felons, out of wedlock births, and a growing gap in education.The fact is that when some blacks fail they blame slavery and segregation. But what is more at fault, the aged crime of slavery or visualization? Further visualization would be a grave side effect of reparations. In some satirical comedies portraying black communities a common line is Its cause Im black. This is written in a comical setting, but he underlying nugget of truth is there. Todays black community feels victimized and self-conscious. Thoughts of success are only possible with the assistance of the government or white intervention. Blacks feel they are owed something.This condition of thinking is not healthy for a person, let alone an entire society. Shelby Steele of the Hoover Institution summed up the damages of reparation perfectly in his essay, A Childish Illusion of Justice, he says When you dont know how to go forward, you find an excuse to go backward. You tell yourself that if you can just get a little justice for past offering, you will feel better about the challenges you face. So you make justice a condition of your going forward. But of course, there is no justice for past suffering, and to believe there is only guarantees more suffering. Further visualization only gives room for further excuses for failure and the thought of racial weakness for past affliction (Steele). The defining reason why reparations are notes is that the debt has been paid, in blood and money. Slavery had existed in human societies for thousands of years before the Atlantic Slave Trade. It began in Arab and African countries and spread to the est. of Europe. It is quite ironic that African Americans demand reparations when their ancestors began it, and being the last to embrace it, Anglo and Americans ended it.Black communities seem to forget that it was white initiative and military power that ended slavery the world over. Union soldiers died to crush slavery and the Confederate States who wanted to keep blacks in bondage. It is interesting that blacks ask for reparations from whites that are also descendants of the 350,000 men who died fighting to end slavery (Horopito). Are those descendants asking for reparations from African Americans? No, because it is ridiculous to ask someone for money for something your ancestor went through. The African American community is the 10th wealthiest in the world.That is from just residing in the U. S and living out their lives. Though the trip here was most horrid and lives Of slaves even worse, dont parents want something better for their offspring? What do current African Americans have than good lives in a rich and prosperous country? If their ancestors had stayed in Africa they would live on a continent ripe with governmental and economic instability. The United States has already addressed historical grievances concerning its black citizens. Many billions have gone to blacks in the forms of welfare, vocational, and educational preference (Horopito).What else could the United States do for blacks? The African American communities that insist on direct and vast monetary funds as penance seem perilously close on crossing the line from justice to greed. Reparations are a bad idea for these main reasons. The black communities just cause would be a grave injustice to those today who would have to pay it. Descendants of immigrants and the descendants of those who gave their ivies in the Civil War top the list of those who should absolutely not pay but would in the event of a Reparations Tax.The black community needs encouragement in its development, not further visualization that only results in lower self esteem and morale. Again, Shelby Steele says it best when he says, l cant be repaid for my grandfather. The point is that owe him a great The United States has already paid Off its debt to African Americans. The Slave Era was indeed a time of heartache and pain for slaves, but that time is long since passed. African Americans today enjoy more lath and opportunity then they could have ever gotten in a modern African nation.The fact is that no one group can be blamed for slavery. Should African Americans continue to demand reparations on flimsy grounds they should demand it of the African countries, in which it was likely ancestral tribesmen, sold them to passing slave traders. Reparations are not just, and todays African Americans must remember that they are todays African Americans. They do not live in bondage or segregation and have every opportunity to succeed, if they choose to stop looking bitterly to the past, and instead, to look forward too brighter future.