Racism and Adversity in Professional Baseball - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1849 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/03/27 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Baseball Essay Racism Essay Did you like this example? Baseball is known as Americas favorite pastime. Incorporating baseball to a sociological perspective, you can begin to understand how the game is viewed to function in the society in which it is played, and how society impacts the game. Northern American sports has suffered immensely from the division, labels, and stereotypes that have been encrypted on specific individuals of a certain race or ethnicity. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism and Adversity in Professional Baseball" essay for you Create order Relating to the fact that adversity and racism are at a direct conflict within our society, 42 represents the pride and courage of a discriminated African American baseball player, who stood as a sign for racial progression in America. Both sport and race are sociologically problematic because they appear to be crucial aspects of human life that precedes our socialization. 42 was about an African American man, Jackie Robinson, who gets signed to play professional baseball under the Dodgers. The film takes place in the generation in which America was largely segregated and racism plagued the entire country. This generation was known to be during the 40s and 50s. Although this was a factor, Jackie never doubted his ability and strength, and he kept his head held high while pursuing his passion for baseball without physically fighting against racism. Jackie Robinsons strength against all racism related obstacles showed America how wrong they were in their ways. It shines a light on the national conflict of racial integration of American professional baseball. After World War II, African Americans would come home to racial segregation, inequality, discrimination, and a time where their life would be more difficult than ever in their communities. Jackie Robinson, like many other African American athletes at the time, were deprived opportunities that contrib uted to the equity issue in the sports world and was racially discriminated. Robinson pursued a passion of his regardless of the hatred that he got in return. He represented courage and integrity to the defeat of adversarial stereotypes on black individuals. At the start of the movie, Jackie braves the hostility of racial prejudice on and off the field of the unspoken color line, from player and fan alike. Branch Rickey, a major league team executive with a bold idea once states, a black a man in white baseball, can you imagine the reaction (Movie 42). This quote represents the whole idea behind 42 and the reactions are simply the acceptance and disproval of those being influenced by Jackies position in society. This hostility proves a major challenge not just for Jackie anymore, but his family. The main plot of 42 is not one single idea. From time to time, people try to treat the across nation debate about race as something with no importance, less about hatred and violence, and more about people simply not being careful with the words or pictures they use. Those who see racism in different ways are accused of practicing political correctness, which has become a pejorative term in society instead of a reminder that people should want to act correctly. The history of racism in America is full of ugliness and horror. This ugliness was practiced openly, even in the American temple that we call the ballpark. This movie shows that, not so long ago, racism was commonplace and often accepted. It took a few men to stand up to a racial coach, to stand up for Jackie, and to stand up against the racial like words that forced people to consider both the nature and cost of hate. Jackie Robinson was more eager to make a point about individual determination and the way individuals and societies can change. Robinson was a sign of racial progress in American for his braveness in the face of bitter abuse. The idea that baseball is known as Americas favorite pastime allows us to crucially investigate the nationalism of the sport. Baseball was used as a symbol of American values in World War II by promoting patriotism (Fitts,1994, p.76). Northern American sports have always been a part of a division based on the color of ones skin and this sheds an intense impact on our society. Baseball sociology is a way of viewing how the game functions in the society in which it is played, and how society impacts the game. Racism and adversity in baseball relate to sports sociology through the investigation of racial discrimination on issues of equity and opportunity to measure the degree of meritocracy in sports. Sociologists have used cultural studies, ideology in sports media text, and ethnographic methods to understand how racial identity is constructed in sports and its intersections with class, nation, gender, and sexuality. Sociological issues are throughout the entire movie, one focusing on the gender aspect. Gender roles were seen in the movie when Jackie was constantly taunted by other coaches through unfair racist remarks. According to 42, the coach justified his action with insensitivity and not wanting to treat him too soft. This could be seen as reinforcing masculinity as men are seen as masculine, and showing weakness to a black individual at the time was wrong. Society puts this social idea in our heads of what is masculine or feminine, and what is acceptable or not. Sociologists have studied the rise and then decline of African American players in the sports world. They have analyzed racial salary differences and the longevity of a career and documented how broadcasting and management positions are primarily white. A large sociological belief shows that African Americans are minimized through placement in decentralized positions. Relating to the movie 42, Jackie Robinson was the only black player on the Dodgers baseball team and represented racial division on sports teams, and this national accomplishment promoted more African Americans to pursue what they love no matter what racial harms were to come out of it. Out of respect for their teammates, baseball players that come from all over the world, especially the Dominican Republic, undertake the learning of the lyrics for the national anthem because Americans hold great value for the nati ons symbols of the land of the free. From massive new data available on pitchers, weve learned that umpires are more likely to widen the strike zone for white pitchers rather than minorities (Gamson,1964, p.70). This not only represents the racial inequality that still continues to live in the baseball world today but also, the stigmas that other stakeholders put on African Americans. In the end, the jobs of umpires are being expressed in the wrong way by treating African Americans unfairly, with disproportionate equality based on the color of ones skin in what is supposed to be a fair game. Stadiums are prime spots to engage in the study of cathedrals of consumption. At games, fans become a spectacle by cheering on teams, singing along to music, and engaging in provided audience games (Kahn,1991, p.402). We become accustomed to what we support and largely engage in within our social groups in society. Continuing with social problems in professional baseball, the video includes spectator violence, cheating by players and officials, and greed of owners and players. Throughout the movie, spectator violence played a huge part in racial discrimination. Fans would yell out the n-word and speak wi th the highest level of cruelty to show that they arent in favor of African Americans playing on the same team as white people. Families in the crowd would bring their kids and these young children would start yelling the n-word or things like you dont belong here because they copy what their parents do. Cheating was a big social problem in the sports world because of being a different race from everyone else. Officials would call Jackie out at first base after clearly being safe, just because of his skin color. These multifaceted issues influenced both society and sport as a whole. Sociological issues that are still widely known but are not shown in the movie 42 includes gambling, crime by athletes, drug enhancement, and the media. Gambling has remained an issue of concern to the MLB for many years. According to Fitts, gamblers interest in baseball pre-dated the Civil War, and more bets were placed on MLB games than any other collective sport in the nation (Fitts,1994, p.79). Crime by athletes is more prone to happen because they seem to have an easier chance to get away with things. Athletes hold a higher position in society and this fact allows them to have the ability to commit a crime without the worry of being punished. Such crimes could include taking drugs to enhance your performance or to create a bulkier look in the sport, just to gain a greater advantage than someone not taking steroids. A sociological issue that has a huge impact on the sports world is the media. Media in baseball changes fans views on some topics and puts labels on athletes. In the end, media changes the beauty of the actual game. Sports viewership varies by gender. Mens sports that are typically viewed live or on television include football, basketball, hockey, baseball, and while the womens sports that area covered include gymnastics, skiing, and diving. People would say sexism plays a role in the idea that mens sports are covered more often than womens sports both in print and on television. After watching 42, I have learned the importance of equality and leadership. The importance of equality and leadership are crucial factors in this movie. People cannot change without making a sacrifice. The sacrifice isnt always tangible, but rather a change to how a person views themselves, or the world. In the movie 42, as with most change that happens in the world, different groups display different attitudes; some welcome him and treat him with equal fairness. For those who struggle, it is because Robinsons arrival challenges their sense of belonging and understanding of their own personal identity. Having learned and being influenced by these two factors, I can relate them to the class, textbook, and articles that I engage with. Like class discussions and textbook or online resources, the importance of equality and leadership is in almost every unit we learn about. Equality is what shapes us as a society and leadership is what encourages us to stand up for what we believe in. As an example, in class, we have discussed many positions of inequality that are incorporated in the sports world between men versus women, black versus white, or sports versus media. In the face of opposition, change requires personal courage and an ability to live with discomfort. In the movie 42, there was a very powerful scene between a teammate and Jackie. Robinson receives a folder full of death threats against himself and says, I just want to play ball coach. When teammate Pee Wee turns up at the next game, he makes a show by putting his arm around Robinsons shoulders to show his family and friends in the crowd what he stands for. This sacrifice represented the fight for equality and the importance behind the movie. One day, we will no longer see the world with divided lenses, but we will participate solely for the love of the game with a shared spirit of powerful group morale.

The Importance of Chariot Racing for the Romans Essays

The Importance of Chariot Racing for the Romans Racing has been a pastime for humans ever since we were able to tame animals and since we have had the technology to allowed us. There are so many forms of racing in the world today that have been shaped through hundreds and thousands of years. What is it that attracts us to racing? Is it the speed, potential crashes or even just the atmosphere? To answer this question many things have to be considered. To start with lets look at the start of the Rome, at the first celebration of the Consualia in honour of Consus (an ancient god of agriculture) the rape of the Sabine Women is believed to have happened. Romulus (founder of Rome) held chariot races†¦show more content†¦They had plays, gladiators, sports both aggressive and non-aggressive like wrestling and running other than this there was only really music and art. Now think about how many types we have, it is significantly larger than What the Romans had. However, if you ask someone how important say F1 racing was to them theyd probably say not too important but that is because we all have different acquired tastes. Back then you had too like what was on offer otherwise you would have nothing! However there was still some resistance to the entertainment on offer to the Romans, Pliny the Younger complains that chariot racing is exactly the same all the time, he then expresses his frustration at the people who do like it because they only like it because of the type of team It wouldnt be so bad if they appreciated the horses speed or drivers skill. But all they see is the colour of the tunic. Some direct evidence of the Roman way of life getting progressively involved in entertainment is that gradually the amount of days dedicated to games per year rose quite significantly. By 100 BC, six games had been held. 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Etruscans were people who lived in modern day Tuscany and parts of Umbria (Beacham, 1991). Rome inherited all attributes of the Etruscan religious festivals, where various theatrical performances were given, ranging from acting to chariot racing. For instance these carnival-like festivals occ urred to please the gods though theatrical offerings. AnotherRead MoreThe Olympic Games Of Ancient Greek Athletics1273 Words   |  6 Pagesof the four great ancient Greek athletic festivals. The height of the Olympic Games occurs between the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. During this period, the games became more and more professionalized until they provoked much censure during the Roman period (Miller). This is somewhat similar to the present day games where the competitors are supposed to be amateurs, but many are professionals at their craft. Take for example the United States basketball squad. 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Strategic Management Competitive Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Managementfor Competitive Strategy. Answer: Introduction This report discusses two key ideas through two paragraphs in which the first paragraph will describe the business idea of strategy and its implementation and second paragraph will include the key idea of business model innovation. For this, two organizations, ALDI Supermarkets Chains Stores and Apple Inc. are selected to apply the key ideas of strategy and business model innovation representatively to these organizations. Key Idea- What is Strategy and Ways for the Implementation Strategy is a key idea for this section that provides an appropriate direction for an organization toward the achievement of the business goals and objectives. The strategy works according to the organizational vision, mission statement, and values for enhancing the market share, product positioning, sales performance, and revenues of the company. The strategy implementation is the sequence of activities followed by an organization to execute the strategic plan. It involves the strategy articulation, strategy communication, strategy translation, strategy monitoring and controlling, and strategy engagement. The strategy implementation enhances the product positioning and value proposition of the company for delivering values to the customers (Kaiser and Ringlstetter, 2010). The strategy implementation is identified as a process in which an organization should develop, utilize, and amalgamate the organizational structure, cultures, employees performance management and control for attaining the competitive advantage in the relevant industry. The strategy will be implemented in a way that it will provide the firm a sustainable competitive advantage by utilizing the resources in a systematic way and exploiting the business opportunities by reducing the threats and risks in the marketplace. Application of Strategy Implementation to ALDI Supermarkets ALDI is one of the largest retailing supermarket chains in the world that operates its businesses in 18 countries with over18000 stores at different locations across the countries. ALDI supermarket retailing chains stores offer a range of retail grocery products, packed foods and beverage items, sanitary goods, and other household goods. The strategy of ALDI is aimed at enhancing its market share, product positioning, sales revenues and gross profits in the global retailing industry by creating the brand awareness and loyalty in the mindsets of the customers. The strategy implementation aligns the strategy of ALDI with its vision, mission statement, goals, and values for the achievement of the goals and objectives (Australian Food News, 2015). The strategy implementation of ALDI is aimed at expanding the number of retailing supermarket chains and product varieties after adding the retailing items, such as furniture, liquors, sanitary articles, and other retailing items. ALDI implements three generic strategies including cost leadership, product differentiation, and focus strategy for getting a competitive edge by beating the competitors product development and pricing strategies. The strategy of ALDI supermarkets Australia is centered at meeting the customers needs and expectations by offering them high quality of retailing grocery items of its own brand at economic prices easily affordable to the average customers (Rothaermel, 2014). The product development strategy of Aldi is fundamentally focused on making changes in the quality of the grocery items as per customers needs and market demands. Key Idea- Business model Innovation The Business model innovation (BMI) is a disruptive innovation model that drives significant changes and innovation to the existing products or services for enhancing the brand value, product performance and positioning in the relevant industry. The business model of disruptive innovation bring all strategic business units interactively for creating innovation and creativity to the existing products or services (Augeneder, 2014). The disruption innovation model drives significant fundamental changes or technological advancements or shifts in the organizational structures, product development and manufacturing processes as per industry requirements, customers needs, and fluctuating environmental conditions. The disruptive innovation business model is highly focused on creating, redesigning, reengineering, refining, restructuring, optimizing, and disinter mediating into the existing products/service and business operations. The business model innovation assists to create new market opportunities as well as enhancing the value network by disrupting the existing value network and industry/market (Kalpan, 2012). The business model of disruptive innovation drives innovation, creativity, and flexibility to modernize the organizational structure, processes, and subsystem for attaining the high-growth success in the competitive marketplace. It enhances the adaptability and suitability of the products and services to the changing market conditions, diverse customers needs and growing environmental obligations. Application of Business Model Innovation to Apple Inc Apple is the leading American technological company that designs, develops, and sells the computer software (mac OS and iOS operating systems, iTunes Media Player, Safari Web Browser, iPod Portable Media Player, and Apple digital media player), consumer electronics (iPhone Smartphones, iPad Tablets, computers, laptops), and online services (iTunes Stores, iOS App Stores, iCloud, and Mac App Store). Silicon Valley Business Model is a type of disruptive innovation model used by Apple Inc. to drive innovation, creativity, and modifications/adaptations to the existing technological products and services, industry structures, processes, and subsystems (Stampfl, 2015). This model is based on innovation and entrepreneurship that focuses on creating value to the firm along with generating revenues. This business Model of innovation involves three elements, Innovation, value proposition, and operating model to create value to its products and services by transforming the innovative ideas into greater customer values. The key idea of using this business model innovation is to adopt new synergetic ways for creating, capturing, and delivering values to the customers. This innovation model is used by Apple to invest into the technological advancement and innovation, unique patents, reengineering ideas, and scientific experiments and inventions in the production processes for producing and launching the laptops, tablets, and mobile phones with the highly advanced configurations and unique features (Gassmann, Frankenberger, and Sauer, 2016). For example, the business model of disruptive innovation assist to enhance the product features and specifications, camera visibility, security features, service functions, and technological modifications of the iPhone smartphones, laptops, computers, and iPods. Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be concluded that two key ideas, strategy implementation and business model innovation were implemented for ALDI and Apple Inc. representatively for maintaining the sustainable position of the firms in the competitive marketplace. These key ideas will be effective for enhancing the product positioning, brand value, and competitive strengths of the companies in the relevant industries. References Augeneder, H. (2014) Implementation Strategies of Business Model Innovations within Established Firms. UK: Herald Augeneder. Australian Food News (2015). Aldi tries new strategy to grow bigger market share in Australia. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ausfoodnews.com.au/2015/05/20/aldi-tries-new-strategy-to-grow-bigger-market-share-in-australia.html. (Accessed: 9 April 2017). Gassmann, O., Frankenberger, K., and Sauer, R. (2016). Exploring the Field of Business Model Innovation: New Theoretical Perspectives. London: Springer. Kaiser, S. and Ringlstetter, J. M. (2010) Strategic Management of Professional Service Firms: Theory and Practice. London: Springer Science Business Media. Kaplan, S. (2012). The Business Model Innovation Factory: How to Stay Relevant When the World is Changing. USA: John Wiley Sons. Rothaermel, F. (2014) Strategic Management: Concepts. USA: Tata McGraw Hill Education. Stampfl, G. (2015). The Process of Business Model Innovation: An Empirical Exploration. London: Springer.

Subliminal Messages Essay Example For Students

Subliminal Messages Essay Subliminal Messages in Advertising: The Case Forand Against Lisa Caswell Syracuse UniversityRunning Head: Subliminal Messages Subliminalmessaging and subliminal perception arecontroversial topics in the field of psychology. Many studies have been conducted to determine ifsubliminal messaging does in fact work. Manypeople think that subliminal messages in the field ofadvertising are much more successful thansubliminal messages for self-improvement, such astapes sold to help the consumer lose weight, gainintelligence, or do something else to improvethemselves simply by listening to a tape. Subliminaladvertising can be defined as embedding materialin print, audio, or video messages so faintly thatthey are not consciously perceived. Rogers andSmith (1993) surveyed 400 households. Whenasked if they believed advertisers deliberatelyincluded subliminal messages, 61.5% respondedyes. A 72.2% yes answer was obtained whenasked if subliminal advertisements were effective. We will write a custom essay on Subliminal Messages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Based on these results, it can be concluded thatconsumers are aware of subliminal advertising, andbelieve it is effectively used by advertisers toinfluence their decisions. The term sub-thresholdeffects, first popularized by Packard in 1957,preceded the popular notion of subliminaladvertising, whose originator is James Vicary. Subliminal advertising first came to the publicsattention in 1957 when Jim Vicary conducted asubliminal advertising strategy of interspersingdrink Coca-Cola and eat popcorn messageson a movie screen so quickly that they could notbe seen consciously by the audience. His researchinitially reported increases in the sales of bothCoca-Cola and popcorn as a result of thesubliminal messages. Later, however, when hewas challenged and could not replicate or evenproduce the results, Vicary admitted that theresults of the initial study had been fabricated(Weir, 1984). Key (1989) has more recentlyclaimed that hidden or embedded messages arewidespread and effective. Keys theories havebeen widely discredited by scholars who haveexamined marketing applications scientifically(Moore, 1982). Although a few scholarly studieshave reported certain limited effects of exposureto subliminal stimuli in laboratory settings(Greenwald, Klinger, and Liu, 1989), mostacademic researchers on the subject havereporte d findings which indicate no practical orpredictable effect in an advertising setting (Dixon,1971). The 1957 Vicary study has been largelydisregarded in the scholarly community due to lackof scientific documentation of methodology andfailure to replicate. However, scholarly findingsand industry assertions may have had little or noeffect on the average American, who has beenexposed to popular articles and books promotingthe notion that subliminal advertising is used and iseffective. In addition, Americans have beenexposed to advertisements claiming that self-helpaudio-tapes and videotapes containing subliminalmaterials can help the purchaser with weight loss,better relationships, an improved golf game,quitting smoking, and even birth control. Awareness of Subliminal Messaging by the PublicMany in the public are aware of the termsubliminal advertising, understand the basics ofthe concept, and believe it not only is used byadvertisers but is also successful in influencingbrand and purchase choice. Shortly after theVicary study was brought to the publics attention(Brean, 1958), Haber (1959) sought to discernexactly what the public believes about subliminaladvertising when so little factual information isavailable. Results of this study determined that 41percent of 324 respondents had heard ofsubliminal advertising, and although half believed itto be unethical, 67 percent stated that theywould still watch a television program even if theybelieved subliminal messages were embedded inthe commercials. Two decades later, a survey of209 adults conducted by Zanot, Pincus, and Lamp(1983) reported double the awareness levels ofthe Haber study. The Zanot survey concluded that81 percent had heard of subliminal advertising andthat respo ndents believe that subliminaladvertising is widely and frequently used and that itis successful in selling products. The same surveydetermined that educational level is thedemographic variable most highly correlated withawareness of subliminal advertising; the moreeducated the respondent, the more likely he or sheis to be aware of the phenomenon. A study byRogers and Smith (1993) found that the moreeducation a person has (and therefore the moreopportunity to learn of the limitations of thesubliminal persuasion phenomenon), the morelikely one is to believe that subliminal advertisingworks. A 1985 study by Block and VandenBergh surveying consumers attitudes toward useof subliminal techniques for self-improvementfound some consumer skepticism and reportedmore favorable attitudes among those who wereless educated and younger. Three surveysconducted in the past decade have demonstratedthat a majority of American adults are aware ofsubliminal advertising and believe advertiserssometimes use it to sell products. The threesurveys spanned a broad geographic spectrum(Washington, D.C.; Honolulu, Hawaii; andToledo, Ohio). All three surveys opened withquestions that determined whether the respondentwas aware of subliminal advertising anddetermined whether or not basic knowledge waspresent and sufficient for continued discussion. .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c , .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .postImageUrl , .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c , .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:hover , .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:visited , .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:active { border:0!important; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:active , .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ued3c8d0a671d81c64beaf2d40d01b53c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Times Have Changed EssayRemaining questions in all three surveys assessedbeliefs about the phenomenon, as distinguishedfrom knowledge. Each study covered slightlydifferent ground. Each was subject to differentlimitations, yet all three produced similar findings. All three surveys found similar proportions whowere aware of subliminal advertising, whobelieved that it is used by advertisers, and whothought that it works to help marketers sellproducts. Awareness of Subliminal Messaging bythe Advertising Industry A survey of advertisingagency members, their clients and mediaproduction professionals was conducted byRogers and Seiler (1994) as to whether or notthey have ever used, or been connected with afirm that used, subliminal advertising. Based on aresponse rate of 36 percent, the reaction wasnearly unanimously negative, and evidencesuggests that the few positive responses were dueto a misunderstanding of the term subliminaladvertising. The results revealed that the majoritydenied ever using this advertising strategy, despitethe publics fears of this method of brainwashing.In addition, a significant part of the minority thatanswered in the affirmative is shown to havemisinterpreted subliminal as subtle. Theadvertising industry trade press has for decadesridiculed the notion of using hidden or embeddedmessages in advertisements. A significantpercentage (75 to 80 percent) of the U. S. population believes that advertising agencies andthe companies they represent purposely usesubliminal advertising. These consumers alsobelieve that subliminal advertising actually workseven though research studies have shown that nosignificant effects can be identified as a result ofusing subliminal imagery in advertisements (Rosenand Singh, 1992). Consumers spend about 50million dollars a year on subliminal self-helpproducts (Krajick, 1990). Scholars haveresearched advertisements with subliminalmessages embedded in them and their effects(Beatty and Hawkins, 1989). These studies havegenerally refuted the possibility of elicitingpredictable responses that could be useful tomarketers. No one has tried to determine whetherthe advertising community has deliberately utilizedsubliminal messages (Kelly, 1979; Dudley, 1987). The advertising industry has repeatedly denied theuse of subliminal embeds, and spokespersonswithin the industry have used such common-sensearguments against its probable use as: Ifsubliminals worked, wouldnt there be textbookson how to practice it? and How can showingsomeone a penis get him or her to switch, say,from Kent (cigarettes) to Marlboro? (Kanner,1989). Wilson Bryan Keys (1972, 1976, 1980,1989) writings, and frequent public-speakingpresentations, may have served to promote theconcept and purported use of subliminalpersuasion by advertisers. While his theories havebeen widely discredited by scholars (Moore,1982), his writings still appeal to consumers andkeep the question current: do advertisers usesubliminal advertising purposely in order to elicit apredictable response by consumers? Kelly (1979)asserts that this question is extremely important butunanswered by existing research, which focuseson whether subliminal advertising might beeffective if it were used, and not on wh ether it isused deliberately. One way of identifying whetherin agencies and the client companies theyrepresent consciously use subliminal advertising tohelp sell their products is to survey them. It wasnot until 1984 that a formal research study wasundertaken to determine if advertisers purposelyused subliminal embeds as an advertising strategy. In his survey of 100 advertising agency artdirectors, Haberstroh (1984) inquired whether anyof these art directors had ever deliberatelyembedded, supervised an embedding, or hadknowledge of an embedding of a subliminalmessage in advertising artwork for a client. Hisfindings indicated that, of the 47 usable responses,only 2 answered yes to any of the questions. When he checked open-ended explanations bythese two respondents, he determined there wasconfusion on the part of the respondents to theimplied definition of subliminal embeds and that,apparently, none of the 47 participants had everused subliminal messages (Haberstroh, 1984). TheAffects of Subliminal Messaging Vokey and Read(1985) were unable to find any evidence tosupport the claim that subliminal messages affectbehavior in their study. Key is a major figure in theargument that subliminal messaging not onlyoccurs, but is also effective. Key claims that avariety of subliminal techniques are used tocapitalize upon the publics obsession with sex. These include the obvious use of sexual imagerywithin the verbal and pictorial content ofadvertisements. Examples of Keys researchinclude both the Playboy ads and the rum pictorialads. Key asserts that the subliminal sexual imageryincluded in a Playboy magazine advertisementdepicting a naked woman effectively renders thead more memorable. He stated that about 95% ofcollege males remembered viewing this ad anentire month later. It is also possible that thecollege students would have remembered the adequally well without the embedded imagery. Thereis ample data to demonstrate that college studentscan likely recognize 95% of even relativelyextensive sets of pictures shown to them. In thecase of the rum ads, Key felt that the explanationfor an overwhelming preference for a particularbrand of rum is the embedded presence of thephrase u buy in a pictorial ad depicting fourtypes of rum. No researcher since has been ableto find the message in the ad. Key claims that 80%of the subjects in his studies unconsciouslyperceived the backward message, resulting in amarked preference for the rum with the message. .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 , .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .postImageUrl , .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 , .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:hover , .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:visited , .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:active { border:0!important; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:active , .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05 .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4f99ebb51ecb656664704dafc7073b05:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Great Gatsby: Theme and character anlysis of Tom a EssayKey refuses to believe that the fact that thepreferred rum is the only one with the wordsextra special written on the bottle, or that it ismuch darker than the others and presented in ahigh-status brandy-snifter in a larger bottle hasanything to do with the preference. A study byVokey and Read (1985) was conducted to testKeys hypothesis on the embedding of sexualmessages on images. Participants in the studyrecognized the images imbedded with sexualimagery, random imagery, and no imagery at thesame rate. Key suggested that it often takes atleast a day to see the effect of the subliminalmaterial. Vokey and Read waited t wo days andfound that the participants who waited the twodays to indicate what slides they had previouslyseen remembered less than those who indicatedwhat slides they had seen immediately. Everyresult in the study disagreed with Key and hisideas regarding subliminal messages. It is difficultto believe that while there has been so muchresearch completed proving that not only aresubliminal messages not used, but that subliminalmessages are completely ineffective in changing orinfluencing behavior, the public so stronglybelieves in the influence. After all the research, thepublic still fears subliminal messages and theeffects they could have. Psychologists must workto educate the public in the matter of subliminalmessages. It is as if subliminal messages are likesuperstitions. Everyone knows that it is just asuperstition that if one breaks a mirror it will bringon seven years of bad luck, yet most people willbecome quite upset if they do break a mirror. Most people realize that subliminal messages donot have a strong effect, yet they are stillsuperstitious about them. The paranoia brought onby the idea that the brain can be influenced bysubliminal messages is great. No one likes the ideathat their thoughts and beliefs are being alteredwithout their knowledge or consent. Educationregarding advertising practices and thenon-existent effects of subliminal messages wouldhelp to bridge the gap between the knowledge andbeliefs of the industry, and the knowledge andbeliefs of the public. References Townsend, J. M.,Levy, G. D. (1990). Effects of Potential PartnersCostume and Physical Attractiveness on Sexualityand Partner Selection. Journal of Psychology. 371-379. Block, M. P., and Vanden Bergh, B. G. (1985). Can You Sell Subliminal Messages toConsumers? Journal of Advertising. 59-62. Dixon,N. F. Subliminal Advertising: The Nature of aControversy. London: McGraw-Hill, 1971. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., and Liu, T. J. (1989). Unconscious Processing of DichopticallyMasked Words. Memory and Cognition. 35-47Haber, R. N. (1959). Public Attitudes RegardingSubliminal Advertising. Public Opinion Quarterly. 291-93. Key, W. B. (1972). SubliminalSeduction: Ad Medias Manipulation of aNot-So-Innocent America. New York: Signet. Moore, T. E. (1982). Subliminal Advertising:What You See Is What You Get. Journal ofMarketing. 38-47. Packard, V. The HiddenPersuaders. New York: Pocket Books, 1957. Rogers, M., and. Seiler, C. A. (1994). Theanswer is no: a national survey of advertisingindustry practitioners and their clients aboutwhether they use subliminal advertising. Journal ofAdvertising Research. 36-46 Rogers, M., Smith,K. H. (1993). Public perceptions of subliminaladvertising: why practitioners shouldnt ignore thisissue. Journal of Advertising Research. 10-19. Vokey, j. R., and Read, J. D., SubliminalMessages: Between the Devil and the Media. American Psychologist. 1231-1239. Zanot, E. J.,Pincus, J. D., and Lamp, E. J. (1983). PublicPerceptions of Subliminal Advertising. Journal ofAdvertising. 39-45. Category: Science Subliminal Messages Essay Example For Students Subliminal Messages Essay Subliminal Messages in Advertising: The Case Forand Against Lisa Caswell Syracuse UniversityRunning Head: Subliminal Messages Subliminalmessaging and subliminal perception arecontroversial topics in the field of psychology. Many studies have been conducted to determine ifsubliminal messaging does in fact work. Manypeople think that subliminal messages in the field ofadvertising are much more successful thansubliminal messages for self-improvement, such astapes sold to help the consumer lose weight, gainintelligence, or do something else to improvethemselves simply by listening to a tape. Subliminaladvertising can be defined as embedding materialin print, audio, or video messages so faintly thatthey are not consciously perceived. Rogers andSmith (1993) surveyed 400 households. Whenasked if they believed advertisers deliberatelyincluded subliminal messages, 61.5% respondedyes. A 72.2% yes answer was obtained whenasked if subliminal advertisements were effective. We will write a custom essay on Subliminal Messages specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Based on these results, it can be concluded thatconsumers are aware of subliminal advertising, andbelieve it is effectively used by advertisers toinfluence their decisions. The term sub-thresholdeffects, first popularized by Packard in 1957,preceded the popular notion of subliminaladvertising, whose originator is James Vicary. Subliminal advertising first came to the publicsattention in 1957 when Jim Vicary conducted asubliminal advertising strategy of interspersingdrink Coca-Cola and eat popcorn messageson a movie screen so quickly that they could notbe seen consciously by the audience. His researchinitially reported increases in the sales of bothCoca-Cola and popcorn as a result of thesubliminal messages. Later, however, when hewas challenged and could not replicate or evenproduce the results, Vicary admitted that theresults of the initial study had been fabricated(Weir, 1984). Key (1989) has more recentlyclaimed that hidden or embedded messages arewidespread and effective. Keys theories havebeen widely discredited by scholars who haveexamined marketing applications scientifically(Moore, 1982). Although a few scholarly studieshave reported certain limited effects of exposureto subliminal stimuli in laboratory settings(Greenwald, Klinger, and Liu, 1989), mostacademic researchers on the subject havereporte d findings which indicate no practical orpredictable effect in an advertising setting (Dixon,1971). The 1957 Vicary study has been largelydisregarded in the scholarly community due to lackof scientific documentation of methodology andfailure to replicate. However, scholarly findingsand industry assertions may have had little or noeffect on the average American, who has beenexposed to popular articles and books promotingthe notion that subliminal advertising is used and iseffective. In addition, Americans have beenexposed to advertisements claiming that self-helpaudio-tapes and videotapes containing subliminalmaterials can help the purchaser with weight loss,better relationships, an improved golf game,quitting smoking, and even birth control. Awareness of Subliminal Messaging by the PublicMany in the public are aware of the termsubliminal advertising, understand the basics ofthe concept, and believe it not only is used byadvertisers but is also successful in influencingbrand and purchase choice. Shortly after theVicary study was brought to the publics attention(Brean, 1958), Haber (1959) sought to discernexactly what the public believes about subliminaladvertising when so little factual information isavailable. Results of this study determined that 41percent of 324 respondents had heard ofsubliminal advertising, and although half believed itto be unethical, 67 percent stated that theywould still watch a television program even if theybelieved subliminal messages were embedded inthe commercials. Two decades later, a survey of209 adults conducted by Zanot, Pincus, and Lamp(1983) reported double the awareness levels ofthe Haber study. The Zanot survey concluded that81 percent had heard of subliminal advertising andthat respo ndents believe that subliminaladvertising is widely and frequently used and that itis successful in selling products. The same surveydetermined that educational level is thedemographic variable most highly correlated withawareness of subliminal advertising; the moreeducated the respondent, the more likely he or sheis to be aware of the phenomenon. A study byRogers and Smith (1993) found that the moreeducation a person has (and therefore the moreopportunity to learn of the limitations of thesubliminal persuasion phenomenon), the morelikely one is to believe that subliminal advertisingworks. A 1985 study by Block and VandenBergh surveying consumers attitudes toward useof subliminal techniques for self-improvementfound some consumer skepticism and reportedmore favorable attitudes among those who wereless educated and younger. Three surveysconducted in the past decade have demonstratedthat a majority of American adults are aware ofsubliminal advertising and believe advertiserssometimes use it to sell products. The threesurveys spanned a broad geographic spectrum(Washington, D.C.; Honolulu, Hawaii; andToledo, Ohio). All three surveys opened withquestions that determined whether the respondentwas aware of subliminal advertising anddetermined whether or not basic knowledge

Scarlet Letter And Society Essays - Film, , Term Papers

Scarlet Letter And Society In the novel The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne displays his view of sin in an assortment of his characters. Through Hester Prynne, he explains her sin of adultery and how she becomes stronger by it. Reverend Dimmesdale deals with his sin of adultery personally because he does not reveal the sin, which allows him to become ill with guilt. The character Pearl is portrayed as a living sin, and therefore, is constantly being judged. The characters allow the audience to comprehend Hawthorne's view of sin. If hidden, sin will destroy, but if revealed and repented it is capable of making one stronger. One way Hawthorne develops his view of sin is through Hester Prynne. Hester is charged with adultery. Through the novel, the audience learns that her sin makes her a stronger woman; being the 1600's the punishments were usually severe. She is forced to wear a scarlet "A" upon her breast to let the community be aware of her wrongdoing. "Thus she will be living sermon against sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her tombstone" (59). This quote informs the readers that Hester must wear the scarlet letter until she leaves the World. Honestly, Hester's "badge of shame"(102), makes her a stronger person. The symbol makes her stronger because she puts up with the harassing comments of the town. Hester wears the letter with pride. She is aware that her sin is iniquitous, but by being open about it she is able to become a stronger person. Hester proves that by repenting and repelling sin, it is truly capable of making one stronger. Another character who supports Hawthorne's thought of sin is Arthur Dimmesdale. Dimesdale's sin of adultery is worst because he is a symbol of god. Therefore, Dimmesdale refuses to be opened with his sin. He explains to Hester, "Happy for you Hester that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret" (176)! The guilt that Dimmesdale keeps concealed within his soul eventually beats him and he dies. The shame and guilt he held within his heart cause his death. Through Reverend Dimmesdale, Hawthorne develops the idea that when sin is hidden, it often destroys. The last way Hawthorne acts out sin is through Pearl. Pearl is the product of Dimmesdale and Hester's affair. Whenever the community sees Pearl and Hester together, they assume that Pearl is a devil child because she was born out of sin. "Pearl was born outcast of the infantile world. An emp of evil, emblem and product of sin" (86). This quote displays the people's belief. Hester doesn't believe Pearl to be evil, nor does she think Pearl will follow in her footsteps. Hester said, "I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this" (101). For example, Hester is teaching Pearl the catechism. Many children her age aren't aware of it. This proves that Hester is being a virtuous mother. Hester and the community will have to live with the fact that Pearl is a reminder of the sin. Hawthorne forms his view of sin clearly in The Scarlet Letter. By the character, Hester Prynne, he teaches that sin can be a lesson that will make one stronger. By using the Reverend Dimmesdale, the audience is aware that when sin is hidden, it can destroy. Pearl is used in the novel, as a reminder of the sin. The novel portrays sin in a variety of ways, which Hawthorne illustrates in a successful manner.

Cloning Technologies and More essays

Cloning Technologies and More essays Science, in the past few years has made great strides in the field of mammal reproduction. Theyve worked for years to find out exactly what happens during a pregnancy, and also how it works. Weve come so far in these stages as to gain the knowledge needed to make oral contraceptives. However, I am not writing this report to enlighten you on these subjects, or to debate the ethical issues of them. This report is focusing on the creation of life, not the destruction of one. Up until a few years ago, weve only known one way to reproduce, but now, thanks to the research and endless hours of experiments by those dedicated to finding out if it really is possible another way, there is a new method of reproduction called cloning. Im not going to debate the moral issues of this subject, but rather tell you how its achieved. There are two methods of cloning. The first, called embryo cloning, has been achieved years before in frogs, other amphibians, mammals, and once it was tried with humans, however both attempts to do this with the humans failed. The second method of cloning is achieved by using an adult cell, not an embryo. To do this scientists remove an egg cell from a female, and remove the chromosomes, nucleus, etc, leaving no way for the mother interfere with the genetic part of the reproduction. However, the parts of the egg cell needed for cell growth and development are left intact. The cell from an adult mammal is then taken away from its owner. Being placed in a cure dish, the cell is starved of nutrients, but is still kept alive. The reason for this: the cell must stop dividing in order for cloning to take place. The nucleus from this cell is removed. The nucleus and the egg cell are placed next to each other, and electrical charges are emitted into them. These electrical charges m ake the two fuse, or combine together. After about 6 w ...

Capital Asset Management and techniques of its evaluation Essay

Capital Asset Management and techniques of its evaluation - Essay Example Although the calculation is easy to understand and simple, it still has its limitations. It ignores the benefits, or the lack of, that occur after the payback period and more importantly, the method ignores the time value of money. On the contrary The Net Present Value is an indicator of how much value an investment or project adds to the firm. The Net Present Value is a more reliable method of calculating the returns expected from investments as the method considers the time value of money. The Net Present Value compares the value of a dollar today to the value of that same dollar in the future, taking both inflation and returns into account. The technique uses discounted cash flow approach in assessing the performance of an investment. A positive Net Present Value generated from a prospective project is a good sign and should be accepted On the contrary, a negative Net Present Value resulting from projects should be rejected because the cash flows will also be negative. As such, this technique seems more reasonable in determining the returns of investments. The Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that delivers a Net Present Value of zero for a series of future cash flows. As with the Net Present Value, this technique uses the discounted cash flow approach and is as widely used as the Net Present Value method. ... It shows the discount rate below, which an investment results in a positive Net Present Value and above which an investment results in a negative Net Present Value. It's the break-even discount rate, the rate at which the value of cash outflows equals the value of cash inflows. Moreover, the Internal Rate of Return can be found without having to estimate the cost of capital. Modified Internal Rate of Return is a similar concept to the conventional Internal Rate of Return. However, it is easier to calculate and does not produce multiple results, from irregular cash flows expected from a project, as compared with the latter. Of course the drawback of using Modified Internal Rate of Return is that it does not expect the generation of cash flows from its projects as predicted and its Net Present Value seems overstated. This is contrary to the use of Internal Rate of Return technique, since it assumes that cash flows generated from a project are reinvested within the project at the same rates of return, although they are often reinvested elsewhere within the business. The Modified Internal Rate of Return can be calculated with the use of spreadsheet package or the use of a conventional calculator. Both methods give the same results, however, the latter is more tedious and is used mainly for academic purposes. This technique uses the Present Value of investments, followed by the compounded terminal cash flow of the return phase. This is possible for more complex investments, with investment phase that stretches over several periods. The results generated by this technique are lower than the conventional Internal Rate of Return method but also presents a more realistic approach in assessing projects. Moreover, the technique uses the

E-Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Payment Systems - Essay Example The report has conducted a brief literature review regarding e-payment systems in order to highlight their importance for an e-commerce company. Advantages, disadvantages and implications of three types of e-payment systems as Biometric Payments, Mobile Payments and Person-to-Person (P2P) Payments have been discussed in the report and based on the evaluation; the report has recommended suitable e-payment solution to the client. In the later section, the report has also evaluated security frameworks that can protect the customer account information, transaction information and website database from unauthorized and malicious access. At the end of the report, suitable security recommendation has also been provided to the client, which can not only increase transparency of the e-payment system but also help the client to improve their brand presence through social media marketing. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 E- Commerce and E-Payment Systems 4 Different types E- Payment Systems 6 Biometric Payments 6 Mobile e-Payments 7 Person-to-Person (P2P) Payments 9 Recommendations 11 Website and Database Security 13 Conclusion 15 Introduction Fazlollahi (2002) stated that demand for e-payment and online transaction has been increased manifold with the growth of e-commerce. ... archer will propose e-payment system for Book Bunker that can not only help the client to ease the payment process but also increase their online presence. In the next section, the researcher will describe the theoretical model of e-payment system in order to prepare the background of the proposed recommendations. Three different e-payment systems will be proposed for Book Bunker and security suggestion will also be provided at the end of the report. E- Commerce and E-Payment Systems According to Khosrow-Pour (2008), e-commerce sites help users to buy and sell products and merchandises through online platform and internet communication. When product purchase and sell is being done online then it would be unfeasible to connect manual cash payment with the virtual system due to three reasons, 1- lack of synchronization between manual and online system, 2- lack of symmetry in the information processing and 3- synchronization might decrease the speed of processing (Khosrow-Pour, 2008). H ence, it can be said that absence of e-payment system might create problem for users of the system to pay cash in the virtual environment of e-commerce. Heng (2004) reported that before the arrival of e-payment system, e-commerce companies introduced various e-cash systems such as â€Å"Millicent†, â€Å"Digicash†, and â€Å"PayBox† etc as the predecessor of e-payment system but this earlier version of e-payment systems failed to provide the security and efficiency of transactions. Due to such inefficiency of previous e-payment system, customers shifted to online transaction via credit/debit cards payment or cash payment. According to Abrazhevich (2004), consumers also check for the security settings in the e-payment system and often stop using the e-payment system if the service vendor has

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Review Sheet Delivered on Monday, December 2, for the Final Exam to be administered on Monday, December 9. Gai Ferdon, Ph. D. Carefully consider each the following questions and be prepared to answer all of them in a multiple question format. The Exam will not contain questions unrelated to these unless presented for extra credit. To facilitate reflective thinking, the Exam will also contain questions related to quotations found in works by significant individuals mentioned in class, for you to examine and tease out the basic assumptions. This review sheet has been delivered one-week in advance of the Exam, offering you ample time to prepare. You are encouraged to tackle sections of the review sheet, presented as subject headings identical with lecture handouts. Budget your time wisely to ensure a successful grade. Move Towards American Independence and State Constitutions American War for Independence (â€Å"1763† 1776-1783) 1. Who originally crafted the Declaration of Independence? With this, what is the significance of ‘Congress’ in its title? Who further altered and ratified the document? – Committee of 5 (Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Robert Livingston) – It’s a split, severing connections with Britain – Continental congress 2. What is the significance of the Declaration of Independence relative to the American Constitutional Order and System? It was a legal charter for the USA 3. Be able to identify the civil principle clearly enunciated in the Declaration of Independence known as the â€Å"Doctrine of the Lower Magistrate. † In this regard, you will need to refresh yourself on the role of the Continental Congresses. Lower magistrate corrects Upper magistrate 4. What is meant by the phrase â€Å"Laws of Nature and Nature’s God,† as America’s legal claim for separation from Great Britain and located in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence? – Their philosophical region for separating from great Britain. God endowed us with certain rights and if they are violated we are allowed to separate from whomever is violating them. 5. You will be required to read certain portions of the Declaration of Independence to tease out its civil principles. In this regard, be able to identify the ‘justification for legal authority’ to separate from Britain, which represents the legal claim made by the representatives. With this, how can we be certain that the Declaration of Independence is not a â€Å"deistic document† textually? Long train of abuses and user patience / they call on God as a witness 6. Three-fourths of the Declaration of Independence is devoted to enumerating twenty-eight charges against King George III. Twenty-four of these charges were originally located in State Constitutions. These grievances also depict violations in relation to what? 7. Does the Declaration of Independence delineate of express a structure of government, or a prerogative of power, and hence, representative of a Constitution? NO 8. What is the difference between the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence and the Dunlop Edition? Engrossment It was handwritten and then signed Dunlop was printed and handed out 9. When did the United States become a sovereign nation? July 4th 1776 10. Where is the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence housed? NARA Articles of Confederation 1781-1789: A System of Confederalism and State Sovereignty and the U. S. Constitutional Convention (May 25 – September 1787): Steps Towards a More Perfect Union 1. What was the nature of the civil arrangement of the Articles government? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? – Confederal Government 2. What led to the move towards the Constitutional Convention of 1787? The weakness of the articles of Confederation 3. Make certain you are able to identify the correct dates relative to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence as well as the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and the adoption of the U. S. Constitution by the Constitutional Convention. Declaration – July 4th 1776 Articles of Confed. – November 15th 1777 US Constitution – September 17, 1787 4. Be able to identify the nature of the deliberations during the constitutional convention. In other words, what was the main concern in regards to forming a new national civil structure? 5. What is the nature of the civil arrangement of the U. S. Constitution? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? Confederal What is the nature of federalism? Nature of Federalism – Abuse Power 6. Who drafted the U. S. Constitution? – Committee of 5 (Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorhand) 7. Who ratified the U. S. Constitution? – The states The United States Constitution: A Civil Covenant 1. What is the significance of the Federalist Papers (1787-1788)? Be prepared to read excerpts from some of these editorials to tease out the basic ideas. 2. What is the significance of Elliot’s Debates? – The record of the debates of the states on whether they would ratify the constitution or not. 3. What represents the philosophical nature of the U. S. Constitution? – Limited civil government to ensure ordered Liberty 4. Be able to identify the definition of a republic which the U. S. Constitution embodies. – PowerPoint 18 5. Be able to identify the proper definition of federalism. – Divided authority and diffuse power to a tri part system with checks and balances within a constitutional framework for the sake of ordered liberty. (Sovereignty lies no where, its spread out through the entire system. ) Slide 4 6. Why are people best governed by a diversity of power as opposed to a unity of power? Diversity of power makes tyranny harder to achieve 7. What is the law of the nature of the power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, which the U. S. Constitution assumes to be true? In other words, what is the function of each of these branches? What Constitutional Articles identify the nature of these powers? – Articles 1-3 slide 9 8. Be able to identify the federal nature of the US Constitution. In this regard, you will be expected to identify the mechanics and structure of Federalism. With this, do not neglect the place of checks and balances and separation of powers as part of Federalism know these categories as well. – Federal in nature, republican in form 9. Be able to identify some of the principal instruments of checking and balancing outlined in the U. S. Constitution. – Veto powers in terms of office. All are located in lecture 18 10. What are the four kinds of power associated with the U. S. Constitution? What is the definition of each? – Enumerated – The power that is expressly given, Implied – Powers that are not expressly given but are implied, Concurrent – Powers possessed by the national and the state governments, Residual – Powers preserved for the states and for the people 11. What is the significance of Amendments IX and X of the Bill of Rights to the U. S. Constitution? – Residual Powers Principles of Economics: Hazlitt Hazlitt Text: Be prepared for one question related to each of the following chapters: Title is the answer 1. Chp. 4: â€Å"Public Works Mean Taxes† – Public works arnt the best idea in the world because it taxes the people more 2. Chap. 5: â€Å"Taxes Discourage Production† 3. Chap. 6: â€Å"Credit Divers Production. † 4. Chap. 11: â€Å"Who’s ‘Protected’ by Tarriffs? † – The governments own interests 5. Chap. 12: â€Å"The Drive for Exports† – To get income a different way than taxing people 6. Chap. 13: ‘â€Å"Parity† Prices’ 7. Chap. 15: â€Å"How the Price System Works† Your Exam will also contain five extra credit questions. With this, your extra credit option presented in Blackboard must be submitted along with your Final Exam.

The molecular gastronomy

The molecular gastronomy What is molecular gastronomy? Who are its main proponents? Is it simply a fad or new culinary movement The molecular gastronomy term appeared in 1988 presented by a scientist Hungarian physicist Professor Nicholas Kurti and French physical chemist Hervà © This. Molecular gastronomy embraces science about food. It is a scientific investigation on food with new technological equipment and use of natural gums and hydrocolloids. The chefs use modern thickeners, sugar substitutes, enzymes, liquid nitrogen; cooking methods such as sous vide, gastrovac (a vacuum chamber), dehydration; a hold-o-mat (an accurate low-temperature oven) and cryogenics; tools as centrifuges, desiccators. There is no general definition what molecular gastronomy means. Lets have a look at few definitions: The application of scientific principles to the understanding and improvement of domestic and gastronomic food preparation. (Peter Barham) The art and science of choosing, preparing and eating good food. (Thorvald Pedersen) The scientific study of deliciousness. (Harold McGee) Herve This stated that the term ‘molecular gastronomy’ is misinterpreted and misused by media. The top three chefs by the British magazine Restaurant: Ferran Adria from El Bulli in Rosas; Spain, Heston Blumenthal from the Fat Duck in Bray, UK; and Pierre Gagnaire from restaurant in Paris, France, are usually associated with molecular gastronomy. Especially Ferran Adria is considered a father of it. However, these chefs are not very keen on this term and they made a general statement: â€Å"We embrace innovation: new ingredients, appliances, information, techniques and ideas; whatever can make a real contribution to our cooking. But we do not pursue novelty for its own sake. It is, after all, just cooking.† (Heston Blumenthal, 2006). They think that molecular gastronomy is a new approach to cooking. And Heston Blumenthal is concerned that â€Å"the danger is that technology overtakes the value of the dish†. He worried that ‘someones going to do something really stupid and then everyone will point’ to him and say that its all his fault. A science about food helps to understand how to cook healthy and nutritious food, how to make it more attractive. The cooking tools remained the same through the many centuries but educational programmes cannot rely on traditional recipes because cooking products, ingredients and methods changed over time. If cooking would be explored scientifically, the educational health programmes would benefit from it. The scientific exploration of cooking helps chefs to create a new dishes and inventions. All sciences: chemistry, physics, biology, history and sociology are important in cooking. To surprise and delight his customers with exciting, tasty and healthy food is the main objective for all chefs. According to Herve This (2006), ‘a dish can be cooked perfectly, but if it is not presented in an appealing way, all the art and science will mean little to the customer or guest’. The science about food could help to feed the worlds population creating and developing genetically modified food. Nevertheless, some chefs think that molecular gastronomy is ridiculous. Catalan chef, Santi Santamarà ­a, thinks that those using chemicals to experiment with food are just â€Å"playing with food. Jun Tanaka, a British Japanese chef, thinks molecular gastronomy has acquired a poor reputation. To do it properly, you have to understand the science behind the food.† For example, Ferran Adria has been attacked by critics who claim his food is pretentious, elitist and even poisonous in its use of colourants, gelling agents and emulsifiers. Nevertheless, this form of cookery is very expensive, demands high quality ingredients and intensive manpower. The diners raise ethical questions about how the food is produced. Many chefs think that molecular gastronomy term will die in future or will be changed into avant garde cuisine as it is only a fancy name and doesnt describe their cooking. Chefs cook and do not analyse molecules or their movement. Some dishes that are creative, push boundaries of texture, or out-of-the ordinary get the label of molecular gastronomy. For example, fake caviar made from sodium alginate and calcium, burning sherbets, spaghetti made from vegetables. It is a question of time when molecular gastronomy term will disappear. Many chefs think that molecular gastronomy is just a fancy name which was created to attract investors and it doesnt describe their cooking. Chefs cook and dont analyse molecules and their movement. ‘Molecular cuisine’ does not exist, the term means nothing. I have been explaining this for the past five years but the media continues to insist, Adria said in the interview. Ferran Adria is going to close his ElBulli restaurant next year and open a non-profit foundation from 2014. The private foundation will grant between 20 -25 scholarships annually for chefs and other industry professionals who will be interested in food science or ‘contemporary cuisine’. Is it ethical to experiment with food using chemicals ingredients having in mind that the poorest countries suffer from malnutrition? Do chefs need food science knowledge about food if their want to be excellent in their cooking? Bibliography AFP (2010) Worlds top restaurant to become a foundation [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-DCnRuKjNnpEejrHh6Dicn9L10w Accessed on 22/02/2010 Arnold, D. (2009) Molecular Gastronomy is just a long four letter word [online] Available at: http://cookingissues.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/molecular-gastronomy-is-just-a-long-four-letter-word/ Accessed at 21/02/2010 Callaway, E. (2009) Science is vital ingredient at worlds best restaurant [online] Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16811-why-science-is-elbullis-vital-ingredient.html?full=true# Accessed on 22/02/2010 Caterer and hotelkeeper (2010) Molecular gastronomy and beyond [online] Available at: http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2010/02/12/332183/molecular-gastronomy-and-beyond.html Accessed on 16/02/2010 Cousins, J. OGorman, K. Stierand, M (2009) Molecular gastronomy: cuisine innovation or modern day alchemy? [online] Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/ijchm-feb-2009-0010_rtc_cl_final.pdf Accessed on 24/02/2010 Edgecumbe, L. (2010) Turning point: El Bullis closure not the end of molecular gastronomy [online] Available at: http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100131/LIFE/701309986/1196 Accessed on 16/02/2010 Espinoza, J, (2010) The state of molecular Gastronomy [online] Available at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126532946414240915.html?mod=WSJ_World_MIDDLENews Accessed on 16/02/2010 Herve This (2006) Food for tomorrow? How the scientific discipline of molecular gastronomy could change the way we eat [online] Available at: http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v7/n11/full/7400850.html Accessed on 16/02/2010 Highfield, R. (2009) An adventure in molecular gastronomy [online] Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/an-adventure-into-molecular-ga.html Accessed on 22/02/2010 Pierce, J.(2008) Food careers, glorious food careers [online] Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826582.000-food-glorious-food.html Accessed on 22/02/2010 The Observer (2010) ‘Molecular Gastronomy is dead’. Heston speaks out [online] Available at: http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/futureoffood/story/0,,1969722,00.html Accessed on 16/02/2010

The Properties of Chemical Reactions

Properties of Chemical Reactions Ms. Whitty, Science 10 Fiona Adams, November 1st, 2012 Introduction Chemical reactions are a part of our daily lives, from rusting metal to making bread to leaves changing colour in the fall. A  chemical reaction  is the process that occurs when two or more substances combine to produce a chemical change. When a chemical reaction takes place, the change is indicated by one or more qualitative properties. The colour or odor could change, gas could be produced, a precipitate – a solid substance in a solution – could be formed, or energy could be absorbed or released.The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. When chemical reactions occur, the end result is called a product. Products usually have different properties than reactants; bonds between atoms will be changed during the reaction, switch the atoms’ arrangement in different compounds. A compound is a chemical substance that consists of t wo or more different chemically bonded elements. In this experiment, several different compounds are being worked with – potassium iodide, lead (II) nitrate, acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate.The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether or not a reaction has taken place using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Procedure Part 1 – Qualitative observations of both potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate were recorded in a table. Then, the equipment and chemicals needed were gathered – potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate, a graduated cylinder, Erlenmeyer flask, small test tube, rubber stopper, and small scale. Using the graduated cylinder, 10 mL of potassium iodide solution was measured and poured into the Erlenmeyer flask.Next, the lead (II) nitrate solution was poured into the small test tube until it was approximately half full. The test tube was placed inside the Erlenmeyer flask, and sealed with a rubber stopper – the solutions were not mixed. The mass of flask, stopper and contents were determined by being placed and weighed on a small scale. The mass determined was then recorded in another table. The Erlenmeyer flask was tipped so the previously separate solutions were allowed to mix, and the new mixture was again weighed and recorded in the second table.Changes in appearance from the original solutions were recorded in the first table. Lastly, leftover materials were disposed of. Part 2 – Qualitative observations of both acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate were recorded in a third table. Equipment and chemicals were gathered – acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, a small scale, two plastic â€Å"weigh boats†, scoopula, and graduated cylinder. The first weigh boat was placed on the scale and the scale was â€Å"zeroed†. One scoop of sodium bicarbonate was poured into the weigh boat with the scoopula, and the results were recorded in a fourth table.Next, the second weigh boat was placed o n the scale and zeroed. Using the graduated cylinder, 15 mL of acetic acid was measured and poured into the weigh boat on the scale. The mass of the acetic acid was recorded in the fourth table. The sodium bicarbonate, measured previously, was poured into the weigh boat of acetic acid, and qualitative observations of that were recorded in the third table. When the reaction was complete, the mass of the products shown on the scale was recorded in the fourth table. Lastly, leftover materials were disposed of. ResultsQualitative Observations Part 1 – Before the reaction took place, both the potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate had similar characteristics – they were both in a liquid state, as well as being clear and colorless. After the reaction, the qualitative observations of the new substance showed several differences. It was yellow in color, and a grainy precipitate had formed. The substance remained in a liquid state. (Table 2) Quantitative Observations from Part 1 – Mass of Reactants and Apparatus (g)| 140. 26| Mass of Products and Apparatus (g)| 140. 26| Qualitative Observations Part 2 –Before the reaction took place, the acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate each had different qualitative characteristics. The acetic acid was clear, colorless and in a liquid state. The sodium bicarbonate, however, was a white powder, in a solid state. The reaction caused the new substance to bubble and foam, producing a gas. (Table 4) Quantitative Observations from Part 2 – Mass of Sodium Bicarbonate (g)| 1. 01| Mass of Acetic Acid (g)| 14. 29| Mass of Products (g)| 14. 88| Analysis Part 1: The chemical reaction that took place was evidenced by several qualitative observations.The colour of the two original substances was clear, and when combined the colour changed to yellow – a change of colour is clear evidence of a chemical reaction. The word equation for this reaction would be – potassium iodide + lead (II) nitrate Potas sium nitrate and lead (II) iodide. In the form of a balanced equation, this reaction would be – 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbI2. Weighing both the reactants and the product showed that the mass of the reactants, with the apparatus, was 140. 26 grams. The mass of the product, with the apparatus, was also 140. 6 grams – the product of this reaction had the same mass as the reactants. These results were expected, based on the Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The application of the Law of Conservation of Mass means that the mass of products in a chemical reaction will equal the mass of the reactants, and this is consistent with the results of the first experiment. Part 2 Several qualitative observations determined that a chemical reaction took place – the product bubbled, and a gas was produced.The chemical equation for this reaction is CH3COOH + NaHCO3 NaCH3COO + H2O + CO2. Put into a word equation, the equation would be acetic acid + sodium bicarbonate Sodium acetate + water + carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide being a gas. Because a gas is present on the product side of the equation but not on the reactant side, the gas has been produced, which is evidence of a chemical reaction. Weighing the reactants and products showed that the combined mass of the reactants was 15. 30 grams. The combined mass of the products was 14. 8 grams, weighing slightly less than the reactants. This result was expected, because it is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Mass. Although the product weighed on the scale showed a slightly lower mass, this was because the carbon dioxide was a gas, and was not accounted for on the scale. To achieve better results and gain an accurate measurement of the products’ combined mass, it would be necessary to capture the gas and weigh it as well. Part 3: Extension For the chemical reaction AgNO3 + NaCl NaNO3 + AgCl, the total molecular mas s of the reactants would be 228. grams – silver nitrate (AgNO3) would have a mass of 169. 9 grams, and sodium chloride (NaCl) would have a mass of 58. 5 grams. Based on the experiments performed in the lab, and the Law of Conservation of Mass, it is expected that the mass of the products would be 228. 4 grams as well. This prediction can be proved by finding the molecular mass of the reactions products – multiply the mass number of each atom by the number of said atom, and add the amounts to determine the total mass of sodium nitrate and silver chloride, the products. ConclusionUsing qualitative and quantitative analysis, it was determined that reactions took place in each portion of the lab – the first between potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate; the second between sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid. In each section, the reactions were evidenced by several qualitative observations. When potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate were combined, a change of colour occurred in the reactant and a precipitate was formed. This is evidence of a chemical change. When acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate were combined, a gas was produced; also evidence of a chemical reaction.In the experiments, the Law of Conservation of Mass was discovered. The quantitative evidence in each section proved this law. In the first experiment, the mass of the products was equal to the mass of the reaction, indicating that matter was not created or destroyed in the reaction. The results of the second reaction showed a decrease in the mass of the product – however, this was only because the gas formed in the reaction could not be weighed. Application Much of the ease of our current lifestyle is due to the availability of fresh air, pure water and access to resources – all of which are almost entirely taken from the environment.When fossil fuels like coal and oil are mined and utilize, the result is a huge negative impact on the many aspects of the environmen t, and as a direct consequence, our lifestyles. Coal and oil have to be extracted from deep under the earth, transported, and burned. At each stage of this process, greenhouse gases – i. e. , carbon dioxide – are produced. Burning is especially bad for the environment; when burned, fossil fuels like coal and oil release mass amounts of carbon, which then combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. References University of Washington.Chemical Reactions – an Introduction. http://depts. washington. edu/chemcrs/bulkdisk/chem110A_aut01/notes_Week_5. pdf (accessed Oct. 30, 2012). Science Daily. Science Reference – Chemical Compound. http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles/c/chemical_compound. htm (accessed Oct. 30, 2012). American University. Oil Production and Environmental Damage. http://www1. american. edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15. htm (accessed Oct. 30, 2012). Chem Professor. Reactants and Products. http://www. chemprofessor. com/outline7b. htm (acces sed Oct. 30, 2012).

Caribbean Studie

C) The development of systems of productions: Slash and Burn, Encomienda, Slavery, Indentureship, the Plantation system. A system of production refers to the way in which an economy is organizes to provide commodities to sustain society. Slash and Burn When the Spaniards arrived the Arawaks and Caribs were producing Agricultural surpluses and trade was mostly organized around feeding and providing for the wants of the community. The arawaks and caribs used a slash and burn technique in their agricultural production.By the method they would slash (cut down) trees and bushes from the land and then burn them in order to release nutrients into the soil. They would then grow crops in these fields and when they became nutrient deplete they would move unto new plots and repeat the process. Encomienda The Spaniards however brought ideas about how the system of production should be organized. Their main motivation eas the acquisition of precious metals. The Spaniard introduced the Encomienda system of production as a way to organize the enslaved labour in the colonies for productive work.By the encomienda system, a Spanish colonist would be awarded a number of Indians to work for him in the mines and in the fields. In return, the colonist were responsible for teaching them Christian principles, paying them wages and looking after them generally Slavery and Plantation system African slavery was introduced in the 17th century to provide labour on the newly introduced sugar plantations. The Africans were kidnapped from West-Africa and forced to work on Sugar plantations in the Caribbean.Under this system the profits were then repatriated to Europe and used to promote manufacturing and industrial strength in Europe. Slavery can be considered to be a total institution because it dominated every aspect of African lives to ensure that they provided profit. They controlled what the Africans ate and what they were allowed to do. The slaves were expected to work long hours on the plantation in the sugar fields without pay and live in poor social conditions. Peasantry groups Peasants are usually small-scale farmers who own their own land, on which hey produce most of their own food; and which they produce items for internal sale in markets and in some instances export. These peasantries were usually established on the peripheries of plantation areas wherever they could find land; on abandoned plantations and in the mountainous interiors of the various territories. Different to the mono-culture nature of the plantation system the peaantry was a diversified agricultural system producing numerous crops such as cocoa, rice, bananas, citrus, coffee. )Responses of Caribbean people to oppression and genocide: Resistance, revolution, development of peasant groups. Indians The native Indians devised techniques to resist the European settlers. The earliest account of this was from 1493 when Taino men killed Spanish settlers in Hipaniola because they ill-treated native women. There were a number of leaders who would organize their people to fight back against the Spaniards. HATUEY in Cuba. However they were no match to the superior military might of the Spanish.The Caribs were much more effective in their resistance attempt. As a people the caribs were highly mobile often moving from place to place in their dug out canoes and this allowed them to elude capture. They did not fight open battles but often engaged in guerilla warfare, employing poisoned arrows, poisoning water supplies and raiding Spanish settlements. Gradually the superior weaponery of the Europeans drove them out of their islands. However, the Europeans eventually formed treaties to ensure their survival. Today they are still caribs in Dominica, Grenada, St.Vincent. Africans African slaves resisted their situations in many ways. There was non-violent resistance where the African alves would refuse to work, damage work equipment, purposely misunderstand instructions and compose song s which would mimick the white man. Where the white Christians would try to force their religion on them they hybridize there to form they own religions; Rastafarianism, shouter Baptists, Orisha, etc. Also there is the folk-lore in the form of Anansis stories which recounted African oral folklore.Maroonage; this was running away to settle in the interior away from the plantation and form native African villages Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana. These maroon villages acted as a beacon of hope for those on the plantation and also helped to maintain African customs and ways of life. Maroon villages exist to this day. They would also resist through music in the form of drums . Indians The Indians in many instances openly protested their poor living conditions and hardship. In some instances they engaged in large scale open protest and rebellion against the Europeans.One of the most notable examples of this were the Leonora Riots on Leonora estate in Guyana in 1969. Indians also simply ran away or refused to work. They would also establish small businesses on the side and engage in peasantry. This entrepreneurship was a productive form of resilience and it led to their quick independence from the plantation. Peasantry groups At the end of slavery, ex-slaves escaped to available lands in their territories as a form of rebellion against the formers masters. The Indian indentured labourers also often escaped to peasantry at the end of their periods of indentureship.Peasants are usually small-scale farmers who own their own land, on which they produce most of their own food; and which they produce items for internal sale in markets and in some instances export. These peasantries were usually established on the peripheries of plantation areas wherever they could find land; on abandoned plantations and in the mountainous interiors of the various territories. Different to the mono-culture nature of the plantation system the peaantry was a diversified agricultural system producin g numerous crops such as cocoa, rice, bananas, citrus, coffee.

Tips to Write a Great Letter to the Editor

Tips to Write a Great Letter to the Editor Since the earliest days of newspaper and magazine publishing, community members  have written letters to publication  editors as a way to respond to stories theyve read. These letters could range  in topics from heartwarming human interest notes, to comments about publication design,  to the more common (and sometimes  passionate) political rants. As more and more of our publications have gone entirely online, the art of writing well-researched, well-constructed letters has dwindled. But letters to editors are still appearing in many publications, and teachers find that assigning this type of letter is useful in developing many skills. Teachers could use this exercise to encourage student participation in political discourse, or they may find this exercise valuable as a tool for developing logical  argument essays. Whether youre responding to a class requirement, or youre  motivated by a passionate point of view, you can use these guidelines to draft a letter to the editor of a newspaper or magazine. Difficulty: Hard Time Required: Three drafts What You Need Newspaper or magazineComputer/laptop or paper and penA strong point of view Writing a Letter to the Editor Select a topic or a publication. If you are writing because youve been instructed to do so in a class assignment, you should start by reading a publication that is likely to contain articles that interest you. It is a good idea to read your local newspaper to look for local and current events that matter to you. You may also choose to look at magazines that contain articles that interest you. Fashion magazines, science magazines, and entertainment publications all contain letters from readers.Read the instructions provided. Most publications provide guidelines for letters to the editor. Look over the first few pages of your publication for a set of suggestions and guidelines and follow them carefully.Include your name, address, email address, and phone number at the top of your letter. Editors often require this information because they will need to verify your identity. You can state that this information is not to be published. If you are responding to an article or letter, say so right away. Name the article in the first sentence of the body of your letter. Be concise and focused. Write your letter in pithy, clever statements, but remember that this is not easy to do! You will probably need to write several drafts of your letter to condense your message.Limit your writing to two or three paragraphs. Try sticking to the following format:In your first paragraph, introduce your problem and sum up your objection.In the second paragraph, include a few sentences to support your view.End with a great summary and a clever, punchy line.Proofread. Editors will ignore letters that contain bad grammar and poorly-written rants.Submit your letter by email if the publication allows it. This format enables the editor to cut and paste. Tips If youre responding to an article youve read, be prompt. Dont wait or your topic will be old news.Remember that the more popular and widely-read publications receive hundreds of letters. You have a better chance of getting your letter published in a smaller publication.If you dont want your name to be published, state so clearly. You can put any direction or request like this in a separate paragraph. For example, you can simply put Please note: I do not want my full name to be published with this letter. If you are a minor, inform the editor of this as well.Since your letter may be edited, you should get to the point early. Dont bury your point inside a lengthy argument. Dont appear to be overly emotional. You can avoid this by limiting your exclamation points. Also, avoid insulting language.Remember that short, concise letters sound confident. Long, wordy letters give the impression that youre trying too hard to make a point.