Crime Scene Reconstruction free essay sample

It has moved past a physical boundary permitting experts to dismember the wrongdoing scene to recognize proof frequently missed basically strolling through the conventional strides of portraying. There is presently the open door for anybody to return to the wrongdoing scene the following day, one week from now, or years from now. This is a significant the wrongdoing scene leaving nothing to the Jurors creative mind. As indicated by the Department of Safety for the State of Connecticut, measurable wrongdoing scene reproduction is the way toward deciding the succession of occasions about what happened during and after a wrongdoing (Department of Public Safety Scientific Services, 010). Wrongdoing scene remaking regularly begins thoughts of what occurred during the wrongdoing and afterward moves to an examination of the proof at the scene. It centers around social occasion as much information and proof to frame a legitimate speculation. The theory would then be able to be exposed to different tests to demonstrate or invalidate the general translation of the remaking. When the recreation is formalized a hypothesis can be resolved on the side of the remaking. There are three kinds of wrongdoing scene reproductions. They are explicit episode remaking, explicit occasion recreation, and explicit physical proof reproduction. Explicit episode reproduction includes remaking a wrongdoing scene where a mishap or occurrence happened. This will be required during such rates as auto collisions or murders. The reason for existing is to recognize the sorts of proof that can be related with these occurrences. Utilizing explicit occasion remaking, the arrangement of occasions or timetables can be set up. This type of remaking takes a gander at how the entirety of the bits of the riddle fit together. With explicit occasion remaking the grouping of occasions can be resolved. The last sort of reproduction is explicit physical proof recreation. This includes proof, for example, blood and projectiles. Through recreation of blood splatter, it very well may be resolved where the shooter was remaining during a crime. It will likewise help distinguish the area of the slug on the off chance that it is exits the body of the person in question. Catching the wrongdoing scene is a significant piece of the wrongdoing scene reproduction process. Run of the mill techniques incorporate outlining the wrongdoing scene utilizing diagram paper and a pencil or taking photos from a computerized camera. Both of these techniques do give a depiction of the wrongdoing scene for conservation in any case, they don't catch the scene completely. A sketch will note estimations of physical proof in their connection to the casualties body or to such things as furniture and entryways. Be that as it may, it is totally depending on the specialist to gracefully precise estimations and recognizable proof of the physical proof. Utilizing 3D innovation, the whole wrongdoing scene can be broke down for exact estimations at whenever. A bit of leeway that 3D innovation has over different strategies for wrongdoing scene recreation is that it can safeguard the wrongdoing scene in a second in time. This is indispensable if the scene is in a populated zone and needs to come back to its characteristic state as quickly as time permits. Consider an accident scene including two vehicles on a turnpike in Los Angeles during busy time that brought about a casualty. The time it takes to clear the scene is a significant variable when gathering the proof. Under these conditions, there might be proof that goes unnoticed by a specialist that is portraying the scene. Also the time that it takes to do physical estimations. Utilizing 3D innovation can permit the examiner to gather the information and have certainty that nothing will missed. So as to catch a wrongdoing scene completely different sweeps of the scene must be thought of. The assortment of information originates from just the perspective of the agent. Consider catching the picture of a car. If we somehow happened to remain at the front of the car we would not be of the vehicle to so as to gather a total picture. One device used to gather 3D pictures from a wrongdoing scene is an adjusted advanced camera. It utilizes an innovation called sound system photography. Standard photos are just 2-dimensional portrayals of what you see. 3-dimensional photos are taken from two points of view. Since we have two eyes, we will require two points of view on a scene. By driving each eye to see just one photo, I. e. the left eye sees the left photo and the correct eye sees the correct photo, your mind will reproduce the profundity data from the two pictures and you will see a 3D picture (3dphotography, 2010). The utilization of adjusted computerized cameras permits the watcher to consider the to be as it would have been seen by the individual taking the photos. At the point when numerous photos are consolidated, a reproduction of the scene is made. Another device that is utilized to gather 3D pictures from a wrongdoing scene is a 3D scanner or laser. A 3D scanner is known for high-precision and long range. Most 3D scanners can gather information from 900 feet away. It can work in splendid daylight or all out obscurity, inside or out. The inherent advanced camera permits the deliberate 3D information (known as a point cloud) to naturally be mapped making a 3D rendering of the scene (3D Forensic Mapping, 2010). The 3D scanner rapidly digitizes a scene utilizing both all encompassing photography and 3D laser filtering which is the way toward making a large number of exceptionally precise estimations in Just a couple of moments. The outcome is a precise 3D portrayal of he scene from which any estimation can be made, even long after the scene has been emptied. In the case of utilizing an aligned computerized camera or a 3D scanner, the time has come to make a 3D model of the information. The models are gathered in 3D liveliness programming. This is the point at which the information that was gathered at the wrongdoing scene is placed into the product. On account of the utilizing an adjusted advanced camera, every pixel is allocated a facilitate. The organize is comprised of XYZ; where X is an Easting coordinate, Y is a Northing direction, and Z is the height. The pixels or directions are then lotted on a 3 dimensional matrix. In the event that we consider a sketch that is commonly performed at a wrongdoing scene, it is spread out on a bit of chart paper. The examiner relegates a specific estimation among squares and afterward plots all the overall things of the wrongdoing scene at the regarded separation. This would be viewed as a 2 dimensional drawing where just X Y are plotted. In a 3D plot, it incorporates the Z esteem. This gives the 3 dimensional model its profundity. Along these lines, the various photos taken with the adjusted advanced camera are overlaid, doled out an arrange, and demonstrated into a 3D picture. The 3D scanner isn't vastly different from an adjusted computerized camera, in spite of the fact that it utilizes an infrared laser to gather information focuses rather than pixels. The equipment at that point doles out directions to every information point and the product plots them. A 3D scanner can gather upwards of 100,000 information focuses every second (Oberle, 2009). This makes a gigantic preferred position over utilizing advanced camera which can just gather as much as 8 million pixels with every photograph (Patterson, 2010). It would just take a scanner Just longer than a moment to outperform a computerized camera in goals. Now, the scene is prepared for survey. With the mix of photograph like pictures the product will permit the watcher to turn the pictures 360-degrees. Taking a gander at the PC screen, you will have the option to enter the wrongdoing scene as though you were really there. This can be replicated and seen by anybody with access to the 3D programming. It turns into a wrongdoing scene, the almost certain proof won't go unnoticed. While surveying the wrongdoing scene recreation, estimations can be accomplished right from the workplace. Since every information point is allocated a facilitate, the separation recipe can be utilized to figure removes between two focuses. The product incorporates a calculation that can rapidly compute the separation between any focuses chose by the client. In this manner, deciding explicit physical proof recreation, for example, blood splatter is made conceivable back at the workplace. In blood splash proof, the estimations will help ascertain the mass of each drop from the size of its stain, and utilize this to compute its greatest likely speed. Air drag would destroy a bead in the event that it voyaged quicker than this cutoff (Marks, 2010). With that data, and an edge of effect evaluated from the state of the stain, the product extends an ealistic direction in reverse so as to find the starting point of the blood splash.

Marketing Plan of PepsiCo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Promoting Plan of PepsiCo - Essay Example The specialist expresses that the PepsiCo exchanges an enormous scope of brand including Pepsi cola, diet Pepsi, Doritos and Lipton teas among others. Nonetheless, the organization faces a firm consummation from the Coca-Cola and draft nourishments the two of which are making advertising way in America, Europe and Asia. As per William and Robert the organization must arrangement with various neighborhood brands and assurance the devotion of customer’s requests. Along these lines, PepsiCo’s advertiser should perseveringly inquire about on customer’s inclinations and study the effect of natural powers to build up the exact promoting blend for the correct market. The organization has discharged that a large portion of the masses experience the ill effects of wellbeing situations; in this way, it has built up another item that will meet the more advantageous dietary pattern of clients. The walkers’ snacks are the new item in the market, portrayed by their low sodium content. The item was found to meet the United Kingdom’s crusade to caution clients on the dangers engaged with the admission of high substance of salt. The organization took the motivation of presenting this item that would catch the rising interest of clients to change their weight control plans to something more beneficial in the market. So as to advertise the walker’s snacks in the market, PepsiCo Company has started decreasing the degree of salt in a few different snacks around the world. By so doing, the clients will pick the company’s item, and thusly they buy the new item among others. In the interim, it is talking utilization of fats and sugar by making marking progressively noticeable with the goal that clients can settle on taught decisions. As indicated by Justin and Longenecker (2011, 69), this technique is very worthwhile to the organization in showcasing the new item since it catches the customer’s certainty of the items offered in t he market. At the point when clients are persuaded of the nature of different results of PepsiCo, it will be simple for them to acknowledge and acknowledge the new item without any problem. Cheverton (2005, P. 57) demonstrate that the organization by means of escalated examine saw that there was a higher utilization of advanced media among youthful grown-ups and youth that would be a huge and beneficial objective market for the new item. In this way, the organization will utilize the web, Facebook, twitter to speak with clients and impact these clients on the critical of the item. It will permit clients to cast a ballot online for the new item will advance the item among the promoting blend in the market. The organization will run substance requesting that clients frame and submit custom made TV ads for the new item in the market. The organization has consolidated the advanced showcasing with social duty in that it will welcome the clients to apply online for awards that would chang e their general public. Roberts (2011, P.57) demonstrate that the methodology will make the clients notice and react to its social duty and advance the purchasing choice of the new item in the market because of the earned positive picture of the organization. The showcasing research done on the customer’s inclination and requests in different nations will keep up a constant flow of new item presented in the market. Budgetary administration The great promoting systems of the PepsiCo Company would make the presentation of the walkers nibble in the market achievement. The organization planned to acknowledge income of one million only 25 days after the item is presented in the market. In any case, the new item is once in a while a prompt accomplishment because of the difficulties experienced during advertising. Therefore, the Pepco advertisers would be amazingly sharp in the buying example of the clients. The organization ought to continually alter item costs.

Blog Archive mbaMission Releases New Insiders Guides

Blog Archive mbaMission Releases New Insider’s Guides We are pleased to release our new mbaMission Insider’s Guides to eight top-business schools (34-40 pages each): Harvard, Stanford, Columbia, Wharton, Kellogg, Chicago, Tuck and Ross. (NYU, MIT, Duke and Haas will be released shortly). Through our guides, you will gain a powerful  understanding  of your target schools, learning about their unique attributes: Defining characteristics of  each school’s location, class size, curriculum, teaching methods, facilities, alumni base/involvement and rankings Courses, experiential opportunities, faculty and clubs related to MBAs’ most common career areas: Consulting, Finance, Marketing, Entrepreneurship, Venture Capital/Private Equity, InternationalBusiness, Health Care, Nonprofit/Social Entrepreneurship and Real Estate (where applicable) The Admissions Committee’s stance on such elements as GMAT/TOEFL scores, layoffs/unemployment, recommendations, the waitlist and more Notable professors, classes and social and community events Admission and employment statistics Until July 28, 2009, we will be offering our guides at an introductory price of $20. Thereafter, they will be available for $25. Please take advantage of this limited time offer. Share ThisTweet Blogroll

My Experience At The First Time Essay - 1345 Words

One weekend I went out with friends for the first time since returning to campus from winter break. It was also the first time I smoked weed since breaking up with him, and I had also been drinking that night. I did have fun; my friends looked out for me and dropped me of in my dorm. But once I was in my room, he contacted me wanting to talk. Up until then we had not been in communication because he expressed having no desire to talk to me after â€Å"what I did† to end the relationship. I was aware of my state and told him I was not sober. Apparently neither was he, which would supposedly make us â€Å"talking† better cause it would be more â€Å"honest†. So he comes over and I let him in. I have so many regrets, but I also know that my decisions while under the influence did not give him the permission to do what he did. I let him into my room, I let him talk to me because I could not respond with what I wanted to say to him in my state, I let him kiss me because I could not resist him†¦and he took it further than I wanted to go. A week later, I confided to one of my Academic Deans about what happened and an Order of No Contact was put into place. The experience sent me on an emotional spiral. I had difficulty focusing on schoolwork, eating, sleeping in my room, walking around campus alone and getting my mind off of him. The clinic became my worst nightmare. I had my first panic attack while the nurses attempted to insert the speculum in me to collect evidence of his fluidsShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The First Time901 Words   |  4 PagesSitting in class for the first time, it was half of what I expected. I expected to sit by people I didn’t know, learn about old things in new lights, and writing a lot of papers. What I didn’t expect was me hating college. I am not as creative as some teaches would like, but that isn’t my personality, and I dint want it to be either. I fully expected college t o try and morph me into a perfect little student that I knew I wasn’t. College so far to me hasn’t been fun and I will treat it like Wal-MartRead MoreMy Experience Teaching For The First Time A Close Reading Activity971 Words   |  4 PagesBased on my experience teaching for the first time a close reading activity I find that responding critically to a text is important because it lets you know more of the reading than event in a text. As a student, I did not like to read and I am guessing is because I was not taught effective reading strategies that could help me improve my reading comprehension and really understand the meaning behind the words of book. Through this activity, the learners, where able to go deeper into the text andRead MorePersonal Experience : My Experience920 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Experience Whatever experience, we have either good, bad or ugly; our experience reflects on our behavior or action. In life everybody has their own experience; as Lewis N. Roe said â€Å"personal experiences are probably the most convincing reason to believe for any individual who has had them†. My personal experience is the 1st hand experience that belongs to my private events that have taken place in my life. This personal experience is what makes me who I am and shape me the way to reactRead MoreMy Positive Writing Experience : My Amazing Life Experience1397 Words   |  6 PagesMy Amazing Life Story Experience Writing my life story was an overwhelmingly positive experience for me. This story was an important story for me to tell because it is about the day that I met my sponsor child. That experience of meeting my sponsor child was an experience that changed my life because I was able to physically see the boy that I have been pouring into. This experience also took my relationship with my sponsor child to another level because I was there in Zimbabwe Africa building myRead MoreWhy I Am Interested Of Taking The Chromatin, Epigenetics, And Gene Expression Course995 Words   |  4 Pagesgo beyond his experience†, this statement by John Locke captures the essence of why I am interested in taking the Chromatin, Epigenetics, and Gene Expression course. I have always had a lifelong thirst for knowledge. As a child I was always asking questions about why or how things worked. I would always tinker with things, taking them apart and reassembling them. I questioned pretty much everything and longed to be able to do experiments and find solutions to unanswered questions on my own. In highRead MoreLearning Expirience907 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Experience PSY/103 Learning Experience Experience can shape our behavior and personality. More over our experiences contribute to our development over time. Learning process occurs when we experience situation that have negative or positive effect on us. In this essay I will briefly describe my personal learning experience; I will also define the concept of learning, and will provide analysis of what I have learned from this experience. In addition my essay will includeRead MoreFormal And Informal Educational Experiences1596 Words   |  7 PagesEducational Experiences Michael E Emmering March 16, 2016 LAS 20010 College Seminar I: Exploring Ottawa University â€Æ' Learning Autobiography (LAB # 1) In this paper you will learn my insights into my life. I will touch on my formal and informal education. I will reflect on the four Breadth areas of Ottawa University’s program of liberal arts studies. Future goals, philosophy, values, and obstacles will be discussed. This will include significant people and events that have happened in my life. FormalRead MoreBecoming An Educator Is Enriching A Student s Life854 Words   |  4 Pageslife. This is a very profound and satisfying way to spend a career. My primary reason for deciding to pursue a Master of Science in First-Year Studies is because I feel the strong desire to positively influence and educate students. I began to enjoy school and education at the tail-end of my undergraduate studies at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). Prior to that point in my life, my passion was playing basketball. Throughout my educational career, I was a student-athlete who struggled academicallyRead MoreReflection On Experience Of Cooking848 Words   |  4 PagesMy reflection will cover my service learning experienced with Boise Parks and Recreation adaptive cooking class. First, I will recount my experiences with the adaptive cooking class. Secondly, I will describe my experiences and personal growth acting as a sous-chef for the instructor. Next, in this section I will explain the purpose of the class. Finally, I will connect how poverty affects the people able to participate, a brief history and programs benefiting people and society. My experienceRead MoreSex Education And Public Schools Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will address virginity, first sexual experiences, sex education in public schools, and abortion. The first two topics, virginity and first sexual experiences, coming from a personal perspective as well as some credible sources. I will also include the historical aspects of virginity, the creation and use of the concept, and why it’s in our society. The last topic is my concern for the lack of sex education in public schools and mentioning the harm of abstinence only sex education

The Silent Victim Patrick s Struggle - 1920 Words

Katrina’s Silent Victim: Patrick’s Struggle Unit 9 Assignment By Jamaica Oglesby Michelle March, Ph.D., Instructor Kaplan University School of Social and Behavioral Sciences PS506-Lifespan Development October 29, 2014 Katrina’s silent victim: Patrick’s Struggle Abstract Some people believe that the environment you grow up in coupled with traumatic events will dictate your life and the success you have in life. The story of Patrick shows that this is not the common case for everyone. Patrick had the common challenges of growing up poor and in a bad neighborhood but he did not expect to lose his mom at such a young age to a storm called Katina. This paper is going to give you some insight into how Patrick was before Katrina hit†¦show more content†¦(Berk L.2014). Cognitive. With Patrick being just 16, the frontal lobe is not fully developed therefore his ability to think logically, control his impulses and emotions, use judgment and insight is not working correctly. (Fine, J. G., Sung, C. 2014). A lot of things that he has been told and taught not to do is null and void when peer pressure is involved. Because of this lag in brain development, peer pressure and the environment has so much influence on him. He gets that he may look back and regret some of his decisions later in life, but for right now, he is living in the right now. Because he is not concerned with his personal health and safety, it is very common for him to partake in illegal activities, unprotected sex, drug and alcohol abuse, and other activities that could lead to his untimely death. (Fine, J. G., Sung, C. 2014). Psychosocial. This stage is looking at how Patrick will function psychologically in the social areas of his life. According to Erickson’s theories, Patrick being in the identity verses confusion phase, he is easily swayed in his decisions because he is learning what is true for him. (Berk, L. 2014). In this stage, Patrick is testing his beliefs and desires and looking to respected people to give him the feedback to affirm his decisions. Without this affirmation, Patrick will grow up to be insecure and battling his identity as to what he truly wants and desires.Show MoreRelatedThe Lives of Emily and Charlotte Brontà «2000 Words   |  8 Pageschild, there were six children in totality: Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Branwell, Emily, and Anne. Their father, Patrick Brontà « was an Irishman, and they all lived as a close-knit family, and loved each other dearly, and continued to do so. (â€Å"Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬  2). After their mother, Maria passed away, the two eldest daughters, Maria and Eli zabeth died. Due to that, they left the father, Patrick to take care of the remaining three daughters and son (â€Å"Brontà «: History† 2) by being the eldest, Charlotte had aRead MoreEssay on One Flew Over the Crucifix1969 Words   |  8 Pagessuicides of several patients and even the eventual lobotomy and death of McMurphy himself when he crosses the final line (Kesey). In Ken Kesey’s novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest he employs the theme of sacrifice to reflect upon the counterculture struggle of the 1960s. One way Kesey shows his theme of sacrifice is through the books narrator, Chief Bromden. The Chief is a large, 68 Native American man who has been on the ward longer than anyone else but Nurse Ratched. He has gone through repeatedRead More The Representation of Minorities in American Cinema Essay2440 Words   |  10 Pagesthe sweatshop, but is seen making his way up the social ladder†¦in later films this will also mean abandoning the religion (Erens, 45). Overriding all of these character types, genres, and themes is the pervasive image of the Jew as an Outsider and Victim. This image has been repeated over and over†¦sometimes from a sympathetic perspective, ofttimes with anti-Semitic intent. The dominant portrayal is one of suffering, and while this theme fades somewhat in the twenties, it will continue to characterizeRead MoreThe New World s Tempest3495 Words   |  14 Pagesdetailing a twelve year power struggle that is resurfacing itself in a treacherous plot for powe r. In comparison to the New World’s politics, â€Å"The Tempest† can be read as a play that deals with these same political issues: rebellion of constituted authorities, colonization of a new land, dehumanizing of the natives, marriages and romances of royalty, masters and servants, Christian virtues, and visions of a utopia. In the New World, there is a balance of power and a struggle to maintain this balanceRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pageslives together with her partner Sally Seton in a flat on West Tenth Street in New York City, and her lost love Richard, with whom she and Louis formed a love triangle in the sixties and who then entered a long-term relationship with Louis, is now a victim of AIDS. However, Cunningham inverts the heterosexual pattern of Mrs. Dalloway in favour of homosexual relationships not only for the protagonists but also for minor characters. While the Clarissa of Mrs. Dalloway is vexed by her daughter ElizabethRead MoreLenin13422 Words   |  54 PagesVladimir Ilyich Lenin Ð’Ð »Ã °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã ¼Ã ¸Ã'€ ИÐ »Ã'Å'Ð ¸Ã'‡ ЛÐ µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã ½ | | Lenin in 1920 | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Soviet Union (Premier of the Soviet Union) | In office 30 December 1922  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of the Russian SFSR | In office 8 November 1917  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 21 January 1924 | Preceded by | Position created | Succeeded by | Alexei Rykov | Member of the PolitburoRead MoreThe Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource Control.17990 Words   |  72 PagesTOPIC: THE NIGER DELTA STRUGGLES: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE CONTROL. A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The Niger Delta region, Nigeria s oil belt has been the site of a generalized ethnic and regional struggle for self-determination since 1998, the location of often-violent confrontations between local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as community agitationRead MoreRace Film : The Great And Only Essay10250 Words   |  41 Pagespronounced his last name ‘Mee-show,’ though some who knew him insist it was ‘Mi-shaw.’ The correct pronunciation of his name is only the beginning of the ambiguities and mysteries associated with Oscar Micheaux† Patrick Mulligan—Oscar Micheaux: The Great and Only: The Life of America s First Black Filmmaker From the very beginning of the early stages in American cinema, African Americans had a presence on the silver screen. The twentieth century created a new era of cinema that consisted of filmsRead MoreEssay on Fall of Asclepius95354 Words   |  382 Pages I knew I could always count on you. You know you can. Just want you to be happy. Youre a good friend. Hey, Duncan, Thomas! another voice yelled. Patrick and Lucas ran up to the two. Thomas leaned forward with anticipation. Patrick, did it come in? Yeah, he replied while reaching into his pocket. Patrick pulled out a small cardboard box. Your Japanese charm necklace came in. Here. He passed it to Thomas. He opened it and took out his necklace that had a Japanese characterRead MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pages01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page iii The Five Dysfunctions of aTeam A L E A D E R S H I P FA B L E Patrick Lencioni 01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page ii 01_960756_ffirs_16.qxd 1/13/06 8:57 AM Page i Also by Patrick Lencioni Leadership Fables The Five Temptations of a CEO The Four Obsessions of an Extraordinary Executive Death by Meeting Silos, Politics, and Turf Wars Field Guide Overcoming the Five Dysfunctions of a Team

The Prosecution Of Sexual Assault - 1232 Words

The prosecution of sexual assault is unlike the prosecution of any other criminal offence. There an intense focus on the character and motivation of the complainant. Traditionally, this focus has translated into a preoccupation with aspects of the complainant s behavior which is not immediately related to the circumstances of the offence. One example is whether the complainant provided a â€Å"recent complaint† after the assault. This focus also results in an extraordinary interest in the demonstration of proof of resistance by the complainant and the corresponding application of force by the perpetrator, though neither is an element of the crime. A proper appreciation of the law in this area requires an understanding of the legal evolution of†¦show more content†¦It is not mentioned in our conversations and that silence contributes to the continuation of domestic and sexual violence. As early as the year 800, rape was a capital offense in Anglo-Saxon England. In 1769 , William Blackstone, the leading eighteenth-century authority on common law in both England and the colonies, defined â€Å"common law rape† as the â€Å"carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will† (Samaha). The definition boiled down to four elements: Sexual intercourse by force or a threat of severe bodily harm (actus reus). Intentional vaginal intercourse (mens rea). Intercourse between a man and a woman who wasn’t his wife (attendant circumstance). Intercourse without the woman’s consent (attendant circumstance). The common law required proof beyond a reasonable doubt of all four elements. In the common law trials, rape victims were allowed to testify against accused rapists; it was up to the jury to decide whether to believe them. But the victim’s credibility depended on three conditions, always difficult (and often impossible) to satisfy: Her chastity, whether she promptly reported the rape, whether other witnesses corroborat ed the rape (womanslawproject.org). By the 1970s and 1980s was a time of major reform of sex offense laws. First, states changed rape prosecution procedures that had been in effect since the 1600s. Many states abolished the corroboration rule that required the

The Idea of Reparations free essay sample

Imagine being out in the fields hunting with your father. It has been a long day and a spitted warthog hangs between you. All of a sudden you are ambushed! An enemy tribe attacks you and your father. You fight using your makeshift spear but are overwhelmed by the number of tribesmen. You are hit in the head with a rock and fall unconscious. When you wake you are being loaded into a great wooden monster. You cringe in fear as you and your fellow captives are herded into this great wooden beast. You scream in protest at the white men who have chained you but they just beat you on the head with their rifles.You are taken into a dark and disgusting hold. The prisoners next to you are screaming in fear. The smell of waste and vomit permeates everything. As a white man chains you down below you think of your family and realize you are never going to see them again. Sleep comes slowly because Of the cries Of pain and misery; the rocking of the floor eventually puts you to sleep. A long time has passed. Your days consist of sleeping in your own filth, eating a disgusting porridge, and rarely seeing outside your hold. But one day the hold is opened and bright light blinds you.You are lifted to your weakened legs and led outside. The land is alien to you, and white men are everywhere. You are paraded in front of a great throng of white people. The humiliation is great as you are poked and inspected. Eventually you are shackled and loaded onto a horse-drawn cart. The ride is long and uncomfortable and the destination more frightening. You have no idea what is going to happen to you and are very much afraid. You come to a great house and are taken to the fields around the house. You are given into the custody of a great white brute.He puts you into a small cottage with other black men. You have a very difficult time understanding their languages but eventually they get a message across to you: You are a slave, and will live the rest of your days as one. This horrific experience happened an innumerable amount of times to the unfortunate victims of slavery. For 400 hundred years families, and sometimes entire communities, were herded onto ships and taken to the Americas and other distant lands to be sold into bondage. The sad tale of African Americans hardships in America does not end there.After slavery was abolished with the Emancipation Proclamation African Americans were treated as second-class citizens. The inabilities to vote or own land were sights blacks were denied. The Jim Crow laws acted as inhibitors to the development and prosperity of the African American community and stayed in place until the Civil Rights movement of the mid-20th century. After segregation was outlawed the black man was finally counted as an equal in America, five centuries after first setting foot on her (Randall). Of course the first emotional response to such a grave amount of injustice is outrage.Millions Of men, women, and children taken from their homes, transported on ships on which the inanimate cargo received better treatment, and sold to there men as objects. This horrifying and sad fully truthful scenario would disturb anyone with a conscious. The Mosaic Law demanded that when a fellow man was wronged he be monetarily compensated for the injustice, and the black community feels the same way. Now an old issue is getting an increasing amount of attention: Dont African Americans deserve reparations for the suffering and injustice their people have gone through?Reparations are defined as resources offered in return for harmful acts committed against a population (Reparations For African American Slavery). The offering of operations is an acknowledgment of responsibility, and an attempt to correct the wrongs of the past, as well as an attempt to repair the damage of the wrongs of the past . The African American community likens their situation to that of the Jews and Japanese Americans. The Israeli government has received nearly 100 billion in German marks for the crimes against Jews during the Holocaust.The American government has also monetarily compensated Japanese Americans for the wrongful internment of their peoples during World War II (Merriam). So, the black community asks, where is our insemination for centuries of free labor and suffering? Initially, after hearing Of the brutal suffering and injustice during slavery, one would agree with this statement. But the situation is more complex than that, and after taking everything into account, the realization that the debt has been paid. The African American community is the most prosperous black community in the world.The amount of educational and vocational opportunities is more numerous in the United States then any other country. Some of todays black communities clamor for reparations, but reparations to the black community is neither just nor wise. This is true for several reasons: those who would pay are innocent, further visualization of the black community would only bring more damage to it, and the debt has been paid, more than once. All those who are responsible for slavery, directly or indirectly, are dead. Their immediate families are dead.The only existing entity that benefited from slavery is the United States government. Todays black community that demands reparations demands it from the United States of America. The lowest monetary estimate for damages are around twenty-four trillion dollars (Reparations For African American Slavery). Though some estimate that to repay damages regarding slavery would cost around 900 trillion (Meriwether). Even for the wealthiest country in the world that amount is too much. Should the payments even be attempted it would fall at the feet of innocent taxpayers.Only one in five whites of the Antebellum South owned slaves. Even if that ratio was applied today the resulting amount of white Americans couldnt possibly pay the damages. It also would not be fair to tax the many immigrants of this country. Millions of todays citizens of America descend from immigrants who had absolutely nothing to do with slavery (Lowermost). Should they pay to? Those groups Of people who the black community likens themselves too, were paid directly, or to their direct family if the victim had died. This applied in both the case of Jews in the holocaust and Japanese Americans who were interned.The German government continues to pay the Israeli because as a race they were intentionally being exterminated, and as a race they have come together as a nation. This does not apply to todays black community. The last slave or immediate family member of a slave is dead. So why should todays blacks receive money for suffering they did not endure? The question is easy to answer [Lethe should not. The black community also believes there has been long-term damage caused by slavery and the result of it is a high percentage of black felons, out of wedlock births, and a growing gap in education.The fact is that when some blacks fail they blame slavery and segregation. But what is more at fault, the aged crime of slavery or visualization? Further visualization would be a grave side effect of reparations. In some satirical comedies portraying black communities a common line is Its cause Im black. This is written in a comical setting, but he underlying nugget of truth is there. Todays black community feels victimized and self-conscious. Thoughts of success are only possible with the assistance of the government or white intervention. Blacks feel they are owed something.This condition of thinking is not healthy for a person, let alone an entire society. Shelby Steele of the Hoover Institution summed up the damages of reparation perfectly in his essay, A Childish Illusion of Justice, he says When you dont know how to go forward, you find an excuse to go backward. You tell yourself that if you can just get a little justice for past offering, you will feel better about the challenges you face. So you make justice a condition of your going forward. But of course, there is no justice for past suffering, and to believe there is only guarantees more suffering. Further visualization only gives room for further excuses for failure and the thought of racial weakness for past affliction (Steele). The defining reason why reparations are notes is that the debt has been paid, in blood and money. Slavery had existed in human societies for thousands of years before the Atlantic Slave Trade. It began in Arab and African countries and spread to the est. of Europe. It is quite ironic that African Americans demand reparations when their ancestors began it, and being the last to embrace it, Anglo and Americans ended it.Black communities seem to forget that it was white initiative and military power that ended slavery the world over. Union soldiers died to crush slavery and the Confederate States who wanted to keep blacks in bondage. It is interesting that blacks ask for reparations from whites that are also descendants of the 350,000 men who died fighting to end slavery (Horopito). Are those descendants asking for reparations from African Americans? No, because it is ridiculous to ask someone for money for something your ancestor went through. The African American community is the 10th wealthiest in the world.That is from just residing in the U. S and living out their lives. Though the trip here was most horrid and lives Of slaves even worse, dont parents want something better for their offspring? What do current African Americans have than good lives in a rich and prosperous country? If their ancestors had stayed in Africa they would live on a continent ripe with governmental and economic instability. The United States has already addressed historical grievances concerning its black citizens. Many billions have gone to blacks in the forms of welfare, vocational, and educational preference (Horopito).What else could the United States do for blacks? The African American communities that insist on direct and vast monetary funds as penance seem perilously close on crossing the line from justice to greed. Reparations are a bad idea for these main reasons. The black communities just cause would be a grave injustice to those today who would have to pay it. Descendants of immigrants and the descendants of those who gave their ivies in the Civil War top the list of those who should absolutely not pay but would in the event of a Reparations Tax.The black community needs encouragement in its development, not further visualization that only results in lower self esteem and morale. Again, Shelby Steele says it best when he says, l cant be repaid for my grandfather. The point is that owe him a great The United States has already paid Off its debt to African Americans. The Slave Era was indeed a time of heartache and pain for slaves, but that time is long since passed. African Americans today enjoy more lath and opportunity then they could have ever gotten in a modern African nation.The fact is that no one group can be blamed for slavery. Should African Americans continue to demand reparations on flimsy grounds they should demand it of the African countries, in which it was likely ancestral tribesmen, sold them to passing slave traders. Reparations are not just, and todays African Americans must remember that they are todays African Americans. They do not live in bondage or segregation and have every opportunity to succeed, if they choose to stop looking bitterly to the past, and instead, to look forward too brighter future.

Rethinking a no brainer

Introduction Lying about one’s credentials is indeed a violation of societal norms and contradicts principles of integrity. Therefore, such kind of conduct will not be justified. Instead, it is actually necessary to offer a valid explanation of why the phenomenon occurs. This issue is highly context specific and actually occurs as a result of certain hidden factors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rethinking a no brainer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As in the case of Richard Bromenthal, who claimed that he had served in the Vietnam war, it is always an issue of overcoming rigid obstacles that impede individuals from growing in the careers or even accessing job opportunities. Most employers require work experience and knowledge of academic background before they can even think about giving someone a job. This makes it impossible for those who are fresh from university or who may not have been given a ch ance by any other employer even if they are well skilled for the job. Therefore, by overemphasizing on experience, skills and personal qualities, society causes a huge number of individuals with the right qualities and personality to miss out on these critical opportunities. Also, certain rules exist even when they clearly lack a commercial value attached to them. It will be argued in this paper that given all these circumstances, then it is quite reasonable to witness falsification of one’s credentials. Why people cheat about the credentials The scientific community has not been immune to cases of falsification of credentials. Even Doctors and other professionals have engaged in some degree of falsification because of a number of reasons. Top on this list is the rigorous nature of research approval processes in the scientific community. Before a researcher can be given a grant, he or she may need to have very complex curriculum vitae that should include a series of academic accomplishments and awards as well. Certain doctors may have worked so hard to acquire their academic credentials so most may feel as though it is quite unfair to them to ask for more. Having an additional award may not always be easy to achieve and may lead to minimization of opportunities within the scientific community because of this occurrence. Not every researcher will be in a position to get these kinds of support and may actually make grants inaccessible to a majority of them. Therefore, some scientists may opt to work around this problem by padding their CVs so as to meet those stringent conditions.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Eventually, this may lead to approval of individuals who may have falsified their information. Such was the case with a Duke University researcher whose area of interest was cancer research. He had been accused of this dishonesty by his peers who f ound out that he never really got an award as he had purported in his documents (Fustenberg, 2010). Sometimes parties may lie about their credentials simply because they feel that they possess all the requirements for carrying out a certain job except their credentials. Most have a lot of experience in the field and may actually feel entitled to doing a certain job because of this. They get around this problem by falsification. A case in point was that of two West Virginian miners who had been accessed of claiming that they were certified to carry out safety investigations as foremen. This information was obtained by a healthy and safety inspector in mining. The candidates both pleaded guilty to the charges after affirming that they were indeed guilty of falsification. It is likely that these individuals chose to do this simply because they could get away with it. The health inspectors were by and large very experienced people. They should have been in a position of ascertaining whe ther those two miners were competent or not. It is likely that the company realized that they were indeed capable of carrying out their duties well and without any challenges. In other words, falsification takes place because the concerned individuals already have the experience or the skills to show for it all they lacked was the formal approval process thus explaining why it is common to find a number of them engaging in these practices (Elikins, 2011). How societal mores contribute towards this kind of dishonesty It is quite common to hear people lying about serious matters in real life. This culture of dishonesty is so intense as to perpetuate into the legal system. Many individuals have taken the witness stand and lied about lots of things there. This goes on even after the said witnesses take an oath that they will tell the truth. Therefore, the occurrence has become so engrained in the minds of the population to a point of causing professionals to do the same. Some government representatives taking the stand as witnesses actually lie about their credentials even when they know that this could severely affect the credibility of their assertions and their judgment. The toxicologist James Ferguson affirmed that he had lied about his year of departure from college but quickly shrugged this off as unimportant. He claimed that it was not relevant and that he twenty years of experience actually illustrated this. In fact, it was soon uncovered that the toxicologist had been lying about his credentials plenty of times. To him, this was nothing new because he believed that witnesses always did this all the time (Hillar, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Rethinking a no brainer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world of technology has created fertile ground for the falsification processes. This is because there is an underworld of criminal organizations which are dedicated to creation of false academic credentials. Their work is to boost education CVs by making background checks on institutions and identifying loopholes that can assist individuals to get away with this kind of falsification. Because the American culture is such that only the best are allowed to progress, then those who fall outside this bracket are often left out. In order to boost their chances of getting somewhere, vast numbers of people will engage the services of criminal organizations. In other words, the whole country is obsessed with perfection or being best. Lying may be deemed as a necessary part of the corporate culture because everyone wants to be on top. The corporate culture is characterized by the all or nothing law. In other words, when one goes to university or college, it is only the best performers who have a chance at getting good jobs. Furthermore, those who keep rising up the ranks at the workplace are the ones who have demonstrated that they are the best. However, since the bar has been set so high already, it becomes very difficult for the average worker to access these opportunities. This need for perfection drives many parties to falsify information about themselves just so that they can get ahead; it is a casualty of the culture in our society. The US along with many other western states is characterized by capitalist enterprises. In other words, individualism and the need to do well as a person outweigh communal concerns. To this end, money making or profit generation is the number one reason behind engagement in economic activities. Sometimes this obsession with increasing profits causes a wide number of people to fall into the trap of falsifying. If lying will increase the amount of profits, then businesses will willingly do it irrespective of the morality of their behavior. Such motives can be contrasted to the ones that are prevalent in community based societies. Those regions often pay more attention to the consequences of actions within oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s community. If someone is aware that lying about his credentials may lead to unwarranted consequences in the community then that individual may be prompted to refrain from those actions. However, if someone is only concerned about his o her well being then chances are that no single piece of information will be carried forward to other generations.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unseen consequences of lying about credentials Sometimes, lying about one’s credentials may not just be limited to individuals or job seekers but may span across the board. In other words, even business entities sometimes engage in this kind of behavior so as to have many recruits. A case in point was Centura College which had falsified its credentials with the intention of getting more clients. This was a for profit learning institution that claimed that it was WVI approved. As a result of this claim, a certain client called Corey Lewis enrolled into this institution in order to take advantage of this very aspect which is WVI approval. Lewis was a retrenched worker who was eligible to WVI financial aid as explained in the Workforce Investment Act (Bennet, 2010). One month into his course, Lewis realized that the college had not been approved and he therefore had no way of paying his tuition fees. The client decided to sue the institution for falsification of their credential s and if he went through then the College would be obligated to pay a maximum of three hundred and fifty thousand US dollars in compensatory damages. The company had lied about those credentials in the hope that it would be in a position to attract more business into its premises; however, this had the unforeseen consequences of attracting legal action against it. In the end, the organization could lose much more than it would have gained if it had not engaged in this falsification. Furthermore, their reputation will be tarnished and this is always a bad thing in business, more so in the education sector. When asked whether this company was aware that it had lied about the approval, Centura College claimed that they had changed names and failed to update this information thus making them non eligible to WIA. Such false representations may have the immediate short term impact of attracting clients but they never really last for long because they often lead to long term negative impac ts such as legal suits or even a tarnished company name. furthermore, if such cases become common place, then it is likely that American citizens will lose faith in their educational system or any other industry which lies about their respective credentials (Bennett, 2010). In the case of the miners discussed earlier, it is likely that the falsification may lead to eventual safety predicaments. Some of the issues that need to be checked by the Health inspectorate could actually be crucial to the well being of those concerned. Such miners who have not undergone these safety procedures may put themselves or their workmates in danger and may also cause substantial losses to business experts thus explaining why this may not always be the case (Elkins, 2011). In the scientific community, falsification of one’s credentials may lead to the most severe repercussions of all. In the case of the Duke researcher who had lied about his history and the fact that he had received an award, i t is likely that his career may have been tarnished. There were more than a dozen letters that were set to the scientific review board concerning this doctor’s conduct with a large number of them questioning this individual’s credibility. Some of them ascertained that because Dr. Potti’s credentials could be questioned then he should not continue researching. These allegations were so severe that they lead to the eventual suspension of the researcher. In this regard, his career was jeopardized. However, this was not the only casualty, perhaps another more serious issue was the effect that his work would have on real patients. Dr. Potti had been carrying out researches on breast and lung cancer. His intention was to come up with a prediction model that would assist him in determining the most suitable chemotherapy drugs for patients. However, after a thorough review of his work by his colleagues, most of them realized that his methodology was questionable and tha t his results were wrong as well. If his predictions were utilized in the real world, then could be quite hazardous to patients’ health. Doctors would predict and administer the wrong treatments thus causing fatal results. To this researcher, padding his CV was nothing more than an attempt to get past the rigorous approval process of the cancer granting bodies. However, he had not thought about the unforeseen consequences of his actions. This unethical behavior was not only detrimental to his career as a reputable Doctor and researcher but it was also dangerous to the subjects that he was studying. Instead of contributing towards better health treatments, this individual was actually impeding it by exposing patients to undue harm or undue risks (Fustenberg, 2010). Falsification can affect other people’s lives substantially even negatively for example, in the case of the toxicologist who gave false information about his experience, it is likely that the information he g ave about the witness was also wrong and that she may have imprisoned on the basis of an opinion that was not credible at all. In an attempt to appear experienced, this individual may have made himself paper more experienced and this may have given undue weight to his opinions. He was an officer of the court and a public servant so he was expected to behave ethically in the eyes of the law. In this regard, he suffered the consequences of getting caught by receiving a sentence of thirty years in jail or a fine of one thousand dollars (Hillar, 20100). Linda (2010) explains that falsified credentials are very risky to employers because they lead to situations in which people are awarded for things that they never carried out. the proliferation and development f ‘diploma mills’ or falsification businesses can have severe repercussions within the workplace because they may reward the wrong people or they may close the door for those who are actually entitled to those opportu nities. They harm businesses because some of the employees who are enrolled may have obtained their certificates from none existence colleges or institutions. Alternatively, some may choose a poorly known institution which rewards students with certification even when the kind of work that they put in was much less than what other approved institutions require from them. Furthermore, since employers may not have the time or the logistics to go through all applicants’ papers, it is likely that a high number of them may go undetected and this will affect such outcomes (Zharkov, 2010). It should be noted that all it takes is a background check by the concerned institution through university databases online. However, in certain circumstances, some names may be missing from the approved list so an employee could have genuinely obtained a degree from a university but may miss out on the opportunity because of the misgivings of technology. One way in which employers can overcome th is obstacle is by doing a background check on the concerned individuals so that they can prevent reoccurrence of these problems. A very serious consequence of falsifying credentials is getting caught and being imprisoned for those actions. People who have taken part in these kinds of arrangements will often find that they are putting themselves in very dangerous positions. Falsification of business records is an offense in law (parson, 2011). Also, grand larceny and false instruments are all possible charges that can be placed against the concerned individuals and they could make him a criminal in the eyes of the law. Because a person may be receiving pay checks on the basis of the falsified information then that individual will actually be contributing towards poor service provision. This person could also get charged for such an issue as was the case with a former psychologist of the court called Feldman. Feldman had purported that he had been a student of Hamilton University. How ever, it was soon discovered that he had obtained these papers from a diploma mil that exchanged certificates for cash. Additionally, the individual had been working for the department for a period of four years after it was discovered how dangerous this person could be to the entire department. He had been given the responsibility of evaluating defendants or those who were eligible for court petitioning yet he was not fully aware of what this entails and there is no doubt that certain individuals were released because of the toxicologist’s misdeeds (Annet, 2010). Sometimes falsification of documents may not always appear as it is. In this regard, an individual could be accused of the charge and fired from their positions even when this may not have a firm basis. A case in point was that of a noted whistle blower within the US Army. This individual was a scientist in the institution and had been responsible for bringing out a series of cases against many dishonest individuals in the army. He had been working for the Pentagon in particular and had been responsible for unraveling unethical behavior. It is likely that this may have ruffled the feathers of many influential persons in the Army. At the time of charging this individual, the Army had tried letting him off for unacceptable performance but because it was not possible to do so under US law, he still remained an employee of the US Army. However, as one looks through the facts of the case, one immediately realizes that there could be ill motives disguised under these intentions. Those concerned individual was exposed to a series of government documents which were classified. He was in a position to ascertain whether conduct within the department was ethical or not. In this regard, he threatened the job of very many individuals. Before this scenario, he had been a noted critic and whistle blower. Consequently, it may be that the accusations of false credentials may not be true. In other words, he may not have lied about his credentials as these may have been planned against him. Therefore, sometimes the charge of falsification may be used as a tool to help unethical employees get rid of whistle blowers in their presence. The lesser charges filed against this same individual testify to the fact that some parties may have had a vendetta (Lardner, 1992). Conclusion In essence, falsification of credentials has become more common place than ever people. This has been perpetuated by the proliferation of technology that allows for the growth of diploma mills. Also, some people do it in order to get around the complex or almost impossible criteria set by authorities. Alternatively, some may do so simply because they feel that they have the right skills or experience and that one tiny requirement does not undermine their capabilities. On the other hand, it can be argued that this goes on because of the individualistic and perfectionist attitude inherent in society. Generally, speaking, this falsification does lead to unintended consequences such as law breakage, legal suits, tarnished careers or businesses and possible harm to the public. Works Cited Lardner, George. Army Accuses SDI critic of falsifying credentials. Washington post April, 14, 1992 Gurav, Peter. Saratoga Springs man indicted in false credentials case. Fake certification, 18 November, 2010. Online Bennet, William. Student Accuses Centura College of Lying About Credentials. RSS News, September 22, 2010. Print. Elkins, Wallace. Two WV Miners Make Plea Deals to Lying About Credentials Charges. California News, Feb 23, 2011. Online. Furstenberg, Joan. Duke researcher suspended accused of lying about credentials. New York Times, Jul 20, 2010. Print. Hillar, Bill. Man Charged With Lying About  Credentials. NYDaily News, January 25, 2011. Online. Linda, Johnson. Falsified Credentials a Risk to Employers, Business Fraud Focus, 11.3, 2007: 43-44. Online. Mary, Annette. Former Toxicologist Sentenced For Ly ing About Credentials. Daily News, May 13, 2010. Print. Parsons, Larry. FBI arrests MIIS lecturer accused of lying about credentials. Herald News, 01/26/2011. Print. Zharkov, Rajiv. Falsifying credentials. The Chronicle of Higher Education, July 11, 2008. Print. This essay on Rethinking a no brainer was written and submitted by user LieutenantMarcusStone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Essay Example

Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Essay Example Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Paper Luhrmann and Zeffirelli introduce the characters of Romeo and Juliet in their film versions of Shakespeares play Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Films are made to make money and attract mass audiences. Most filmmakers want to aim their film at a wide range of people so that their film is a box office success. Films are more advanced than performances of plays in theatres as they can use lighting, sound effects, music and cameras to create atmosphere and influence peoples reactions by using close-up shots of things they want the audience to take notice of. In a film the camera is the viewers eye so they can only see what the camera allows them to but in a play the audience can see everything at once and the camera isnt there to zoom in on something which they need to recognise as significant as it can in a film. Filmmakers can also use costumes and settings to suggest a characters personality or the atmosphere of the place they are in. Also, in films, computerised sound effects and real settings can be used. In films they can have sets outdoors, in houses and anywhere else they need to but in a play they cannot have real settings as they are all artificial and have to be changed for nearly every scene. In plays they cannot have large crowds of people for a battle or suchlike as they would not all fit on the stage so they have to have limited numbers and this, therefore, is not as realistic as it can be in films as they can have thousands of actors if they need them. Lastly, as the dialogue in plays is sometimes far too long, filmmakers often cut the text in places and move it around in the plot until they are happy with their scripts. This technique is not often used in plays as they tend to be more traditional and stick to the original text. The Zeffirelli version of the play was made in the late 1960s and was aimed at a wide range of people from very young to very old. Zeffirelli wanted to give people a traditional film of the play so he kept most of the original text and used music and costumes which would have been appropriate to when the play is set. It was a box office smash hit even though Zeffirelli shocked many people by being experimental he chose two, very young, unknown actors to play Romeo and Juliet and used (at the time) very innovative camera movements. Luhrmann chose a very different approach to making Romeo and Juliet into a film from Zeffirelli, as he did not do a traditional version at all. He aimed it mainly to bring the younger generation of people an understanding of Shakespeare and so modernised it so that it would appeal to the audiences of 1997. Even though there was a 30 year gap between the making of these films, they were both very successful and attracted mass audiences. I will now look at the similarities and differences between the two versions. Both directors decided to frame Romeo the first time he is seen Zeffirelli in an archway and Luhrmann in a cliff. Both the films suggest Romeo has been alone in the first shots of him as he is seen walking back into the city by himself. In both the versions Romeo is implied not to be as rough as the other lads and doesnt seem to fit in with them in Zeffirelli he comes back to the city holding flowers while in Luhrmann he uses very soft focus on Romeos face and Romeo is alone, looking out to sea which implies he is very romantic when none of the other lads are. Also, in both the films, as soon as the camera switches to Romeo for the first time the music becomes slow, dreamy and romantic which is emphasising his youth and romantic feelings. Both directors used, at the time of making their film, very innovative camera movements, for example in Zeffirellis version the camera went through peoples legs in the fight scenes. However, there are also many differences between the two films. Zeffirelli aimed to do a traditional film of the play so that people would know what Shakespeare is really like but Luhrmann aimed to bring the modern generation of people an updated version and to show that the story is still relevant today. Therefore Zeffirelli chose to keep most of the original dialogue from the text, to use Shakespearian costumes and music which would have been appropriate to when it is set but Luhrmann cut lots of the text, did not use Shakespearian costumes and had modern pop music playing in the background. Also, Luhrmann did not set the film in Italy as Zeffirelli did, he set it in a big American city which showed the modern audiences that the play is still significant today. In Shakespeares day, Italy was the main country and also had the most power but when Luhrmann remade the film 30 years later, America was now the Italy of the 20th century and so he set it there so that the viewers would think it applied to them, and was not just a Shakespearian play which was not relevant any more. Luhrmann also used references to modern films in his adaptation which a modern audience would understand and enjoy but Zeffirelli did not have any references at all in his film which suggests that he was maybe trying to appeal to a slightly older generation of viewers than Luhrmann was. Zeffirelli shocked people when he made his film of the play as he chose two very young, unknown actors to play Romeo and Juliet but when Luhrmann made his version in the late 1990s he chose two older, better established, American actors. In Zeffirellis version all the characters except the nurse spoke RP which is often associated with Shakespearian characters but in Luhrmanns he changed the text so that it could be spoken in American English and still sound Shakespearian. Zeffirelli also chose to use two actors who fitted the Italian stereotype of dark hair, dark eyes and olive skin but Luhrmann chose two actors who did not fit it at all. However, I think the main difference between these two film versions of the play is that Zeffirelli opted to do a traditional version and Luhrmann updated it so that it would still appeal to a younger modern audience. The introduction of Romeo is quite similar in both films. I will look at how Zeffirelli introduces him first and then how Luhrmann does it. In Zeffirellis dramatisation of the play as soon as the audience get their first view of Romeo, the music becomes slow, innocent, romantic and dreamy. Romeo is framed by a big archway which emphasises to the audience how small, young and vulnerable he is and he is walking back into the town holding flowers which shows that he must have been alone. As he is holding flowers and smiling this suggests that he is not like the other lads he is not aggressive but is gentle and doesnt seem to fit in with the other lads which is why he has separated himself from them and gone somewhere by himself. He is wearing a traditional Shakespearian costume which emphasises Zeffirellis aim to keep the film as authentic as he could. As the music is dreamy it implies that Romeo is a bit of a daydreamer and he seems to have a dreamy expression on his face until he sees his parents and Benvolio when his expression changes to an uncomfortable, uncertain look. He moves into the shadows of the walls which suggests he is secretive and doesnt want his parents to see him. Zeffirelli then uses a close-up of Romeos face which shows the audience how young he is as he has a heart-shaped face and looks small and gentle. He also fits the stereotype of Italians with his dark hair, dark eyes and olive complexion but in the Luhrmann adaptation Leonardo DiCaprio does not fit this stereotype at all as he is blond with fair skin. This shows how Zeffirelli was keen to keep his version a traditional one whereas Luhrmann wasnt. Zeffirelli also suggests that Romeo is defensive as when he is with Benvolio he crosses his arms and says is the day so young which implies that he is in a world of his own and enjoying the fact that he is miserable. Then Romeo is shut out from the injured man because the door is slammed in his face. This is a reminder of the feud between the two families and after his event, Romeo flounces off which suggests he no longer wants to be a part of it. The way in which Luhrmann introduces the character of Romeo is quite similar to the way in which Zeffirelli did it. As in Zeffirelli, when the camera switches to the first shot of Romeo the background music becomes slow and dreamy and Romeo is alone, framed in the cliff on a beach. Romeo is sitting with his back to the city which is symbolic as it shows he does not want anything to do with the feud and he is looking out to sea which immediately suggests that he has depth and is not shallow like the other lads. Then Luhrmann zooms in on Romeos face but uses very soft focus so this gives the impression that Romeo is gentle and romantic but not aggressive and violent like the other lads he is friends with. The camera then zooms back out and shows that Romeo is dresses like a business man but casually as he has his top button open. He is writing and speaking the words as he writes them these are actually his lines but as he is writing it looks like he is writing the play which makes him seem romantic. As in Zeffirelli, when Romeo sees his parents he suddenly looks annoyed or uncomfortable but different to Zeffirellis version, he does not fit the Italian stereotype as he is blond and pale-skinned. However, the Romeo presented in this film of the play is also bored with the feud and fighting which is the same in Zeffirelli so Luhrmann did try to keep some authenticity but not as much as Zeffirelli did. I will now look at the introduction of Juliet in both the Zeffirelli and the Luhrmann dramatisations of the play. In the Zeffirelli version there is a scene before we see Juliet in which Paris has come to ask her father for Juliets hand in marriage and her father accepts but asks Paris if he could wait a year or so, so that she would be a little older as she is only 13. This prepares the audience for the fact that Juliet is going to be so young and vulnerable even before they get to see her. This scene does not take place in the Luhrmann adaptation. When the camera first switches to Juliet the music becomes very light-hearted and seems to be skipping along so this stresses Juliets youth. Juliet is laughing and playing with the nurse which shows how childlike she is compared to Romeo. She then appears at a window which she is framed in so that she looks like a Renaissance painting as she is very elaborately dressed and heavily made-up. There is then a close-up of her face which shows her to be very young, have a heart-shaped face and be very demure, innocent and wide-eyed which again stresses her youth. She also fits the Italian stereotype perfectly and looks even younger than Romeo did as her hair frames her face as well as the window framing her. She is wearing a red dress which is very bright and rich but also symbolises romance, blood, passion and danger and so stands out when she attends the ball later in the film. Juliet is then called for by the nurse who says her mother wants to see her and immediately, Juliet straightens her hair and dress and runs off in her mothers direction. This shows she is still very obedient and only cares about doing what her mother wants her to do. She is a contrast to Romeo in this scene as she is in a family home, skipping and laughing but Romeo is moping around by himself so this implies that Juliet is still a child without any thoughts of romance or marriage but that Romeo is older and more mature. When Juliet arrives at her mothers chamber the mother sends the nurse out of the room and Juliet looks puzzled and uncomfortable without her presence. This shows that she is actually closer to the nurse than her own mother which the audience will find sad. The audience know that her mother wants to talk to her about her marriage to Paris but Juliet doesnt and seems to be worried when she is wondering why she as been sent for as she bites her lip. When her mother asks her if she will marry Paris, Juliet says she will but she only seems to be saying so because she knows her mother would be angry if she refused. This shows that Juliets mother is very controlling of her daughter, even if she hardly ever talks to or does anything with her. In the Luhrmann adaptation the first shot of Juliet is a close-up of her face. She doesnt match the Italian stereotype and seems to be much older than the character from the play really was. As in Zeffirelli, Juliet is very wide-eyed and her face is framed with her hair but she is not heavily made-up as Juliet in Zeffirelli was. She then plunges her head into the water which symbolises freshness and nature which in turn symbolise her youth. She is dressed in white which is different to Zeffirelli and this symbolises purity and nature. When the nurse calls for Juliet, Juliet is still obedient as in Zeffirellis version but she doesnt seem as respectful to her mother she has a teenage look on her face as if to say oh, not my mother again which is one of the things Luhrmann has updated. When she reaches her mothers room Juliet looks impatient when waiting for her to talk as if she thinks she has better things to do than listen to her mother but she did not do this in Zeffirelli. This has, again, been updated to appeal to the audiences of 1997. Then, her mother shows her a photograph of Paris and Juliet looks puzzled at fist but then she says the same lines as she did in Zeffirelli which shows she is still obedient, if not as respectful. After her mother leaves the room, Juliet looks thoughtful as if it is beginning to dawn on her that a marriage has been arranged for her and this is much faster than in Zeffirelli the whole play takes place over a few days in the Luhrmann film but in Zeffirelli it is much slower. In conclusion, I think that both films were successful in introducing the characters of Romeo and Juliet but that Zeffirelli kept to his traditional aims in doing it and Luhrmann used a more modern approach.

Media Meanings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Meanings - Essay Example Whether we care to admit it or not, there is a great deal of truth behind the statement that we are what the media tells us we are. â€Å"Much of what we share, and what we know, and even what we treasure, is carried to us each second in a plasma of electrons, pixels and ink, underwritten by multinational advertising agencies dedicated to attracting our attention for entirely nonaltruistic reasons† (Twitchell 468). This is achieved to great extent through the process of semiotics. Essentially, ‘semiotics’ is a term used to indicate the process of sign analysis in a given culture for indications of meaning at varying levels. â€Å"Semiology therefore aims to take in any system of signs, whatever their substance and limits; images, gestures, musical sounds, objects, and the complex associations of all these, which form the content of ritual, convention or public entertainment: these constitute, if not languages, at least systems of signification† (Barthes, 19 64). Thus, it refers to any combination of contextual clues, such as language, image, color, shape, expression or placement, that are combined together in order to communicate a specific sense of meaning to a particular cultural group. Understanding the language of semiotics and myth, advertisements such as Intel’s advertisement for its Duo Core 2 processor can be analyzed for their more subtle communicative effects. Primary elements included in any discussion of semiotics include signifiers, signified and sign. The sign is the end product created through the combined forces of the signifier and the signified. The signifier can be described as â€Å"the form which the sign takes† (Chandler, 2006). This is different from the signified, which refers to â€Å"the concept it [the signifier] represents† (Chandler, 2006). Basically, the signifier is the most basic idea – the physical presence of a flower. The

Branding and Marketing of Kooler Refresh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Branding and Marketing of Kooler Refresh - Essay Example This paper analyzes the branding concept in relation to the launch of a new product and is realized in the development of a soft drink. The product under consideration is Kooler Refresh that is meant to be a competitive drink against the existing products within the U.S. market. With the desire for the market to experiment on newly developed products, Kooler Refresh has been advanced to compete against the established products like Coca-cola and Pepsi that dominate the market share. Brand Positioning Kooler Refresh is a new product to be launched within the U.S. market under the soft drink category to counter the development of a dominant market share by existence products. The product has been based on the need to deliver affordable brand with familiar flavor and quality as compared to the existing brands. The product also seeks to target a defined demographic with the contents within the brand promising added incentive to the consumer. Why Kooler Refresh The soft drink is produced based on the natural fruits as the sole ingredient with the only additive being sugar and glucose. The component comes in variable flavors with the tropical mango, orange and strawberry expected to dominate sales. The new brand targets the demographic that requires valuable taste, health and energy. The target is included in energetic youth and elderly individuals who present the need in delivering satisfactory consumption rate. The product had also been launched based on the principle of affordability after conducting research on the three leading flavors on the demographic. This had been done in three local schools that offered preference to the brand as compared to the other competitors. The leading brands within the market have been in Coca-Cola with Pepsi taking the second position. These brands have utilized the concept of endorsement from celebrity and leading functions in marketing the product. The other paramount position had been realized in the period applied by their mar keters to gain the market share. These brands minimize the prevalence of a new product through promotional campaign and the preference of the customers on a familiar taste of brand. These have been most dominant propositions with customers failing to purchase alternative products at lower products for the recognized brands (Gelder, 2005). However, Kooler Refresh is planning to take advantage of the current market trend. With the catchy phrase that is based on the marketing campaign to promote the healthy product, the competition would be sustained with the realization of the harmful carbonated drinks. The brand targets majority of the customers to be the youth and young energetic children. These are the target that requires added flavor to the drink with positive implications to developing their health. The company also wishes to maximize on generating profit through investing on affordable prices on the established quantities. Kooler Refresh not only rejuvenates the health presenta tion, but also presents a quality taste to be linked to the natural fruit composition that lacks in the competitors drink Moreover, the packaging would be in recyclable material with a uniquely designed ? liter bottle to be used for extended purposes like holding water. Brand Concept The proposed applied strategy to achieve the market position had been in the development of an outstanding brand name. Kooler Refresh is a name that does not share similarity to any other soft drink product in the

King Lear Shakespeares Essay Example for Free

King Lear Shakespeares Essay Dylan Thomass Do not go gentle into that good night was influenced by William Butler Yeatss Lapis Lazuli and William Shakespeares King Lear but the villanelle bears a stronger resemblance to Shakespeares play. The attitudes toward how an individual lives in the face of impending death, explored by Thomas, are similarly examined with the portrayal of Gloucester and Lear. Dylan Thomass Do not go gentle into that good night has been noted to bear the influence of and even echo W. B. Yeats, especially Lapis Luzuli, and, secondarily via this poem, Shakespeares King Lear. One scholar notes its Yeatsian overtones (Fraser 51); another judges Thomass villanelle to have much of the concentrated fury of expression which the poetry of the older Yeats contained, but more tenderness and sympathy (Stanford 117), and goes on to say. , citing Lapis Lazuli, that Yeats described the poet as one who knows that `Hamlet and Lear are gay' (118). William York Tindall cites not only Lapis Lazuli but also Yeatss The Choice as sources (204). Another scholar seems to skip over Yeats entirely (though his own phrasing echoes line 1 of Lapis Lazuli), seeing the Grave men/blind tercet (which contains the injunction to be gay) as perhaps invok[ing] the Miltonic (Tindall also mentions Milton 205) and the effect of the phrase be gay as rather hysterical sentimentality (Holbrook, Dissociation 53); of the earlier Wise men/lightning verse, however, he says The images are merely there, histrionically, to bring in the phrase `forked no lightning to give a Lear-like grandeur to the dirge (52). I would like to propose that Do not go gentle into that good night bears a much stronger and more direct connection to Shakespeares play than is suggested by references to Yeats or to Lear-like grandeur. I would like to propose that the attitudes towards deathor, more precisely, the attitudes towards how one lives in the face of impending deaththat Thomas explores in this poemthe implied attitude his speaker attributes to his direct audience, and the one he urges be adopted in its placeare similarly explored in King Lear and dramatized in the characters of Gloucester and Lear. I also propose that the voice we hear in Do not go gentle may not be a directly lyric speaker but an obliquely drawn persona, that of Gloucesters son Edgar. Further, when read in the shadow cast by King Lear, the tone of Thomass poem grows dark indeed. Do not go gentle into that good night is addressed to Thomass father, David John, known as D. J. According to biographer Paul Ferris, D. J. was an unhappy man a man with regrets (27); born with brains and literary talent, his ambition was to be a man of letters, but he was never able to advance beyond being a sardonic provincial schoolmaster in South Wales, feared for his sharp tongue (26-33). After his first serious illness, thoughcancer in 1933A mellowing is said to have been noticeable soon after; his sarcasm was not so sharp; he was a changed man (104). As he grew more chronically ill in the 40s, mostly from heart disease and with one of the complications being trouble with his sight, the mellowing intensified: As Ferris puts it, It must have been [D. J. s] backbone of angry dignity that his son grieved to see breaking long after, when he wrote `Do not go gentle into that good night' (27), and the poem is an exhortation to his father, a plea for him to die with anger, not humility (259). The poem was first published in November, 1951, in Princess Caetanis Botteghe Oscure, on consecutive pages with Lament, a dramatic monologue spoken by an old man on his deathbed who recalls his rollicking youth and middle-age spent in the pursuit (and capture) of wine, women, and song, but who has married at last in order to obtain a caretaker, and must suffer pious comforting in his final, helpless days. (Bibliographic evidence suggests the two were also composed, or at least finalized, more or less simultaneously; Kidder 188.) In the letter to Caetani that contained Do not go gentle, Thomas remarked that this little one might well be printed with [Lament] as a contrast (qtd. in Kidder 188). As Ferris suggests, it would be difficult to over-estimate D. J. s influence on his son: . . . the pattern of [Dylans] life was in some measure a response to D. J. Thomas and his wishes. For the early books that Dylan Thomas read, the rhythms he absorbed, and probably for his obsession with the magic of the poets function, he was indebted to D. J. (283). Prominent among those early books read by Thomas are the works of Shakespeare. In 1948 (and Thomas might have begun his, as usual, protracted drafting and revision of Do not go gentle in 1945, after D. J. suffered a nearly fatal illness; Tindall 204), Thomas wrote a journalist that D. J. s reading aloud of Shakespeare seemed to me, and to nearly every other boy in the school, very grand indeed; all the boys who were with me at school, and who have spoken to me since, agree that it was his reading that made them, for the first time, see that there was, after all, something in Shakespeare and all his poetry. . . (qtd. in Ferris 33; his ellipses). That Thomas was familiar with and admiring of Shakespeare is, of course, no surprise, but his direct linkage of his father with Shakespeare, particularly at this point in time, is interesting, and he demonstrated more than familiarity with King Lear: In 1950, during one of his reading tours in America, he spent an evening with novelist Peter de Vries (who would later use Thomas as the basis for the poet Gowan McGland in Reuben, Reuben) and, among other conversational gambits, declaimed some Lear (de Vries, qtd. in Ferris 233). That he was equally well-immersed in Yeats is verified by the fact that poems by Yeats were among those he performed on his 1950 tour of

Around The World In 80 Days :: essays research papers

Type of Literary Work   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This sensational novel is an adventure novel consisting of an enterprising Englishman touring the globe. Woven within are historical facts, such as the British Empire and colonies around the globe, as well as historically accurate locations. Theme   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theme of this breathtaking novel is one of daring and persistence. On the whim of a wager, Fogg is sent around the world in the impossible time span of eighty days. Throughout the work, Fogg’s limitless persistence, entwined with his stereotypical English composure, astound the reader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fogg represents this boundless daring in the audacious wager he makes. He has promised his arrival back in London in eighty days, regardless of the wilderness, delay, or other problems that may arise on his journey. The reader is, perhaps, driven to the conclusion that Fogg is a madman, who takes lightly to large sums of money. This is not so, as Fogg (although the wager seems unfeasible) is a reserved man, calm and collected at all times atop the punctuality Verne expresses within him in just the first chapters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Verne expresses the stereotypical Englishmen, the seeker of adventure, popular in his time. Almost jokingly does Verne come to this conclusion, he being a Frenchman, in which all Englishmen will go to the corners of the Earth to find an area to â€Å"Europeanize†, find a wild beast to market from, or a project to throw their pounds at.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fogg’s endless persistence, is further shown in his composure while great delays push him back, tragedies occur around him, and loved ones are lost repeatedly. His endless hope was a flood during a great drought within the circumstances he was found in. Train delays were compensated through elephant purchases, steamer delays through chartering yachts, stubborn foreigners subdued through a handful of bank notes – even the weather seemed to fall before Fogg. His devotion to his ultimate goal, not that of the money but of the accomplishment, was infinitely expressed throughout the work. Setting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The setting for this novel was a constantly shifting one. Taking place during what seems to be the Late Industrial Revolution and the high of the British Empire, the era is portrayed amongst influential Englishmen, the value of the pound, the presence of steamers, railroads, ferries, and a European globe. The novel begins in London, but quickly changes eastward, from Paris, to Suez, Bombay, Calcutta, Singapore, Yokohama, San Francisco, Omaha, New York, Queenstown, Liverpool, and back to London – a complete circumnavigation around the glove condensed into two hundred-odd pages.

Why Significant Changes Were Made to the Plot

Why Significant Changes Were Made to the Plot in The Big Sleep Movie After reading the novel â€Å"The Big Sleep† by Raymond Chandler, then watching the 1946 movie version starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, I found myself asking why are there so many changes to the plot in this movie as compared to the novel. Many significant pieces of the plot were drastically different and there were even certain scenes that had been made up for the movie that were never in the book. After doing some research I was able to come up with many reasons for these significant changes.Some of the main reasons for there being significant changes is the Hays Code which was a code of rules that all movies were to follow, as well as the chemistry that Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall had together. Many of the changes in the movie version of â€Å"The Big Sleep† can be credited to the Hays Code. The Hays Code was a set of rules that movies were to follow. Will H. Hays was not the creato r of this code however he was the first person to be in charge of enforcing it therefore his name became attached to it (TV Tropes).Some smaller changes the Hays Code affected are the dealings that go on at Geiger's Book Store as well as Geiger's love interest. In the novel we are told that the book store is actually a front for a pornography store. We are also told in the novel that Arthur Geiger is gay and has a male partner. In the Hays Code it is stated that â€Å"The sanctity of the institution of marriage and the home shall be upheld. Pictures shall not infer that low forms of sex relationship are the accepted or common thing. (Arts Reformation). Given this the writers of the screenplay were forced to leave out the fact that the book store was actually a front for a pornographic store. As for the fact that Arthur Geiger was gay and had a male partner, it is stated in the Hays Code that â€Å"Sex perversion or any inference to it is forbidden. † (Arts Reformation). Alth ough a homosexual couple is more widely accepted nowadays, back in the time of the Hays Code it was considered perverse (TV Tropes) and had to be taken out of the movie.Two more significant changes that were made to the plot were both of the scenes where Carmen Sternwood was found naked. In the novel when Marlowe goes to Geiger's house he finds Carmen naked in a chair and drugged up. In the movie she has only been drugged, her clothes remain on. The other time that Carmen Sternwood was found naked in the novel was when she was waiting for Marlowe to come home and she was naked in his bed. In the film she is simply sitting in his room waiting for him fully clothed.Both of these changes can be attributed to the Hays Code. A rule in the Hays Code states â€Å"Complete nudity is never permitted. This includes nudity in fact or in silhouette, or any lecherous or licentious notice thereof by other characters in the picture. † (Arts Reformation). Since the filmmakers were not allowe d to show nudity they were forced to change the plot which also lead to the photos of Carmen Sternwood that were used to blackmail her not being nude photos of her. A huge change that is made to the plot of the story is how the movie ends.In the book the climactic scene is where Marlowe is being held at gunpoint by Carmen Sternwood. This is also where Marlowe realizes that Carmen was the murderer. A rule about crime in Hays Code states â€Å"Crimes against the law: These shall never be presented in such a way as to throw sympathy with the crime as against law and justice or to inspire others with a desire for imitation. † (Arts Reformation). If Carmen Sternwood had been the murderer then this would have made Marlowe's love interest, Vivian Rutledge, an accessory to murder (Wikipedia).If Vivian were an accessory to murder she would be committing a crime but the audience may feel sympathy for her since she is in love with the main character. Because of this the writers of the s creenplay had to change this. By changing the ending of the movie to having Eddie Mars be killed the writers also solve another conflict with the Hays Code. In the novel Eddie Mars does not actually kill anyone however he was the one who made the murders happen so he was in fact a very bad man who had committed serious crimes.At the end of the novel Eddie Mars does not come to justice for his crimes. Since the Hays Codes doesn't allow crime to be presented in a way that it will inspire others with a desire for imitation (Arts Reformation), Eddie Mars had to be brought to justice. If people had seen the movie and saw that Eddie Mars had been a murderer and gotten away with it, it could inspire them to imitate him. This is why the writers had to change what happens to Eddie Mars.A very significant change made to the plot, which is more of an addition to the plot than anything is the fact that Marlowe and Vivian Rutledge have a love interest. In the film Marlowe lets the reader know ma ny times that he is not fond of women. Because of this love interest many scenes were added to the film in which Marlowe and Vivian have conversations of the sexual nature. Before â€Å"The Big Sleep† movie was made both Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall had starred in a movie called â€Å"To Have and Have Not†.This film had a great success with their scenes together and this made the filmmakers want to add more scenes between the two (William Ahearn). When it comes down to it, making Marlowe and Bacall have a relationship is just adding a Hollywood perspective on a novel. Many changes were made to the plot in â€Å"The Big Sleep† film. But none of them were made without reason. The Hays Code limited filmmakers to what they could put into movies and changes were made so that the film would be more appealing to the general public.Works Cited – Ahearn, William. â€Å"The Big Sleep (1946)† 2008. November 2012. http://www. williamahearn. com/bs1945. ht ml – â€Å"The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code)†. Arts Reformation. April 2006. November 2012. http://www. artsreformation. com/a001/hays-code. html – â€Å"The Big Sleep (1946 Film)†. Wikipedia. November 15 2012. November 23 2012. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)#Cast -â€Å"Hays Code†. TV Tropes. November 2012. http://tvtropes. org/pmwiki/pmwiki. php/Main/HaysCode