Scarlet Letter And Society Essays - Film, , Term Papers

Scarlet Letter And Society In the novel The Scarlet Letter Hawthorne displays his view of sin in an assortment of his characters. Through Hester Prynne, he explains her sin of adultery and how she becomes stronger by it. Reverend Dimmesdale deals with his sin of adultery personally because he does not reveal the sin, which allows him to become ill with guilt. The character Pearl is portrayed as a living sin, and therefore, is constantly being judged. The characters allow the audience to comprehend Hawthorne's view of sin. If hidden, sin will destroy, but if revealed and repented it is capable of making one stronger. One way Hawthorne develops his view of sin is through Hester Prynne. Hester is charged with adultery. Through the novel, the audience learns that her sin makes her a stronger woman; being the 1600's the punishments were usually severe. She is forced to wear a scarlet "A" upon her breast to let the community be aware of her wrongdoing. "Thus she will be living sermon against sin, until the ignominious letter be engraved upon her tombstone" (59). This quote informs the readers that Hester must wear the scarlet letter until she leaves the World. Honestly, Hester's "badge of shame"(102), makes her a stronger person. The symbol makes her stronger because she puts up with the harassing comments of the town. Hester wears the letter with pride. She is aware that her sin is iniquitous, but by being open about it she is able to become a stronger person. Hester proves that by repenting and repelling sin, it is truly capable of making one stronger. Another character who supports Hawthorne's thought of sin is Arthur Dimmesdale. Dimesdale's sin of adultery is worst because he is a symbol of god. Therefore, Dimmesdale refuses to be opened with his sin. He explains to Hester, "Happy for you Hester that wear the scarlet letter openly upon your bosom! Mine burns in secret" (176)! The guilt that Dimmesdale keeps concealed within his soul eventually beats him and he dies. The shame and guilt he held within his heart cause his death. Through Reverend Dimmesdale, Hawthorne develops the idea that when sin is hidden, it often destroys. The last way Hawthorne acts out sin is through Pearl. Pearl is the product of Dimmesdale and Hester's affair. Whenever the community sees Pearl and Hester together, they assume that Pearl is a devil child because she was born out of sin. "Pearl was born outcast of the infantile world. An emp of evil, emblem and product of sin" (86). This quote displays the people's belief. Hester doesn't believe Pearl to be evil, nor does she think Pearl will follow in her footsteps. Hester said, "I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this" (101). For example, Hester is teaching Pearl the catechism. Many children her age aren't aware of it. This proves that Hester is being a virtuous mother. Hester and the community will have to live with the fact that Pearl is a reminder of the sin. Hawthorne forms his view of sin clearly in The Scarlet Letter. By the character, Hester Prynne, he teaches that sin can be a lesson that will make one stronger. By using the Reverend Dimmesdale, the audience is aware that when sin is hidden, it can destroy. Pearl is used in the novel, as a reminder of the sin. The novel portrays sin in a variety of ways, which Hawthorne illustrates in a successful manner.

Cloning Technologies and More essays

Cloning Technologies and More essays Science, in the past few years has made great strides in the field of mammal reproduction. Theyve worked for years to find out exactly what happens during a pregnancy, and also how it works. Weve come so far in these stages as to gain the knowledge needed to make oral contraceptives. However, I am not writing this report to enlighten you on these subjects, or to debate the ethical issues of them. This report is focusing on the creation of life, not the destruction of one. Up until a few years ago, weve only known one way to reproduce, but now, thanks to the research and endless hours of experiments by those dedicated to finding out if it really is possible another way, there is a new method of reproduction called cloning. Im not going to debate the moral issues of this subject, but rather tell you how its achieved. There are two methods of cloning. The first, called embryo cloning, has been achieved years before in frogs, other amphibians, mammals, and once it was tried with humans, however both attempts to do this with the humans failed. The second method of cloning is achieved by using an adult cell, not an embryo. To do this scientists remove an egg cell from a female, and remove the chromosomes, nucleus, etc, leaving no way for the mother interfere with the genetic part of the reproduction. However, the parts of the egg cell needed for cell growth and development are left intact. The cell from an adult mammal is then taken away from its owner. Being placed in a cure dish, the cell is starved of nutrients, but is still kept alive. The reason for this: the cell must stop dividing in order for cloning to take place. The nucleus from this cell is removed. The nucleus and the egg cell are placed next to each other, and electrical charges are emitted into them. These electrical charges m ake the two fuse, or combine together. After about 6 w ...

Capital Asset Management and techniques of its evaluation Essay

Capital Asset Management and techniques of its evaluation - Essay Example Although the calculation is easy to understand and simple, it still has its limitations. It ignores the benefits, or the lack of, that occur after the payback period and more importantly, the method ignores the time value of money. On the contrary The Net Present Value is an indicator of how much value an investment or project adds to the firm. The Net Present Value is a more reliable method of calculating the returns expected from investments as the method considers the time value of money. The Net Present Value compares the value of a dollar today to the value of that same dollar in the future, taking both inflation and returns into account. The technique uses discounted cash flow approach in assessing the performance of an investment. A positive Net Present Value generated from a prospective project is a good sign and should be accepted On the contrary, a negative Net Present Value resulting from projects should be rejected because the cash flows will also be negative. As such, this technique seems more reasonable in determining the returns of investments. The Internal Rate of Return is the discount rate that delivers a Net Present Value of zero for a series of future cash flows. As with the Net Present Value, this technique uses the discounted cash flow approach and is as widely used as the Net Present Value method. ... It shows the discount rate below, which an investment results in a positive Net Present Value and above which an investment results in a negative Net Present Value. It's the break-even discount rate, the rate at which the value of cash outflows equals the value of cash inflows. Moreover, the Internal Rate of Return can be found without having to estimate the cost of capital. Modified Internal Rate of Return is a similar concept to the conventional Internal Rate of Return. However, it is easier to calculate and does not produce multiple results, from irregular cash flows expected from a project, as compared with the latter. Of course the drawback of using Modified Internal Rate of Return is that it does not expect the generation of cash flows from its projects as predicted and its Net Present Value seems overstated. This is contrary to the use of Internal Rate of Return technique, since it assumes that cash flows generated from a project are reinvested within the project at the same rates of return, although they are often reinvested elsewhere within the business. The Modified Internal Rate of Return can be calculated with the use of spreadsheet package or the use of a conventional calculator. Both methods give the same results, however, the latter is more tedious and is used mainly for academic purposes. This technique uses the Present Value of investments, followed by the compounded terminal cash flow of the return phase. This is possible for more complex investments, with investment phase that stretches over several periods. The results generated by this technique are lower than the conventional Internal Rate of Return method but also presents a more realistic approach in assessing projects. Moreover, the technique uses the

E-Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Payment Systems - Essay Example The report has conducted a brief literature review regarding e-payment systems in order to highlight their importance for an e-commerce company. Advantages, disadvantages and implications of three types of e-payment systems as Biometric Payments, Mobile Payments and Person-to-Person (P2P) Payments have been discussed in the report and based on the evaluation; the report has recommended suitable e-payment solution to the client. In the later section, the report has also evaluated security frameworks that can protect the customer account information, transaction information and website database from unauthorized and malicious access. At the end of the report, suitable security recommendation has also been provided to the client, which can not only increase transparency of the e-payment system but also help the client to improve their brand presence through social media marketing. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 E- Commerce and E-Payment Systems 4 Different types E- Payment Systems 6 Biometric Payments 6 Mobile e-Payments 7 Person-to-Person (P2P) Payments 9 Recommendations 11 Website and Database Security 13 Conclusion 15 Introduction Fazlollahi (2002) stated that demand for e-payment and online transaction has been increased manifold with the growth of e-commerce. ... archer will propose e-payment system for Book Bunker that can not only help the client to ease the payment process but also increase their online presence. In the next section, the researcher will describe the theoretical model of e-payment system in order to prepare the background of the proposed recommendations. Three different e-payment systems will be proposed for Book Bunker and security suggestion will also be provided at the end of the report. E- Commerce and E-Payment Systems According to Khosrow-Pour (2008), e-commerce sites help users to buy and sell products and merchandises through online platform and internet communication. When product purchase and sell is being done online then it would be unfeasible to connect manual cash payment with the virtual system due to three reasons, 1- lack of synchronization between manual and online system, 2- lack of symmetry in the information processing and 3- synchronization might decrease the speed of processing (Khosrow-Pour, 2008). H ence, it can be said that absence of e-payment system might create problem for users of the system to pay cash in the virtual environment of e-commerce. Heng (2004) reported that before the arrival of e-payment system, e-commerce companies introduced various e-cash systems such as â€Å"Millicent†, â€Å"Digicash†, and â€Å"PayBox† etc as the predecessor of e-payment system but this earlier version of e-payment systems failed to provide the security and efficiency of transactions. Due to such inefficiency of previous e-payment system, customers shifted to online transaction via credit/debit cards payment or cash payment. According to Abrazhevich (2004), consumers also check for the security settings in the e-payment system and often stop using the e-payment system if the service vendor has

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Final Exam Study Guide Essay Review Sheet Delivered on Monday, December 2, for the Final Exam to be administered on Monday, December 9. Gai Ferdon, Ph. D. Carefully consider each the following questions and be prepared to answer all of them in a multiple question format. The Exam will not contain questions unrelated to these unless presented for extra credit. To facilitate reflective thinking, the Exam will also contain questions related to quotations found in works by significant individuals mentioned in class, for you to examine and tease out the basic assumptions. This review sheet has been delivered one-week in advance of the Exam, offering you ample time to prepare. You are encouraged to tackle sections of the review sheet, presented as subject headings identical with lecture handouts. Budget your time wisely to ensure a successful grade. Move Towards American Independence and State Constitutions American War for Independence (â€Å"1763† 1776-1783) 1. Who originally crafted the Declaration of Independence? With this, what is the significance of ‘Congress’ in its title? Who further altered and ratified the document? – Committee of 5 (Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, Robert Livingston) – It’s a split, severing connections with Britain – Continental congress 2. What is the significance of the Declaration of Independence relative to the American Constitutional Order and System? It was a legal charter for the USA 3. Be able to identify the civil principle clearly enunciated in the Declaration of Independence known as the â€Å"Doctrine of the Lower Magistrate. † In this regard, you will need to refresh yourself on the role of the Continental Congresses. Lower magistrate corrects Upper magistrate 4. What is meant by the phrase â€Å"Laws of Nature and Nature’s God,† as America’s legal claim for separation from Great Britain and located in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence? – Their philosophical region for separating from great Britain. God endowed us with certain rights and if they are violated we are allowed to separate from whomever is violating them. 5. You will be required to read certain portions of the Declaration of Independence to tease out its civil principles. In this regard, be able to identify the ‘justification for legal authority’ to separate from Britain, which represents the legal claim made by the representatives. With this, how can we be certain that the Declaration of Independence is not a â€Å"deistic document† textually? Long train of abuses and user patience / they call on God as a witness 6. Three-fourths of the Declaration of Independence is devoted to enumerating twenty-eight charges against King George III. Twenty-four of these charges were originally located in State Constitutions. These grievances also depict violations in relation to what? 7. Does the Declaration of Independence delineate of express a structure of government, or a prerogative of power, and hence, representative of a Constitution? NO 8. What is the difference between the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence and the Dunlop Edition? Engrossment It was handwritten and then signed Dunlop was printed and handed out 9. When did the United States become a sovereign nation? July 4th 1776 10. Where is the engrossment of the Declaration of Independence housed? NARA Articles of Confederation 1781-1789: A System of Confederalism and State Sovereignty and the U. S. Constitutional Convention (May 25 – September 1787): Steps Towards a More Perfect Union 1. What was the nature of the civil arrangement of the Articles government? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? – Confederal Government 2. What led to the move towards the Constitutional Convention of 1787? The weakness of the articles of Confederation 3. Make certain you are able to identify the correct dates relative to the adoption of the Declaration of Independence as well as the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, and the adoption of the U. S. Constitution by the Constitutional Convention. Declaration – July 4th 1776 Articles of Confed. – November 15th 1777 US Constitution – September 17, 1787 4. Be able to identify the nature of the deliberations during the constitutional convention. In other words, what was the main concern in regards to forming a new national civil structure? 5. What is the nature of the civil arrangement of the U. S. Constitution? In other words, was it national, confederal, or federal? Confederal What is the nature of federalism? Nature of Federalism – Abuse Power 6. Who drafted the U. S. Constitution? – Committee of 5 (Oliver Ellsworth, James Wilson, Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorhand) 7. Who ratified the U. S. Constitution? – The states The United States Constitution: A Civil Covenant 1. What is the significance of the Federalist Papers (1787-1788)? Be prepared to read excerpts from some of these editorials to tease out the basic ideas. 2. What is the significance of Elliot’s Debates? – The record of the debates of the states on whether they would ratify the constitution or not. 3. What represents the philosophical nature of the U. S. Constitution? – Limited civil government to ensure ordered Liberty 4. Be able to identify the definition of a republic which the U. S. Constitution embodies. – PowerPoint 18 5. Be able to identify the proper definition of federalism. – Divided authority and diffuse power to a tri part system with checks and balances within a constitutional framework for the sake of ordered liberty. (Sovereignty lies no where, its spread out through the entire system. ) Slide 4 6. Why are people best governed by a diversity of power as opposed to a unity of power? Diversity of power makes tyranny harder to achieve 7. What is the law of the nature of the power of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, which the U. S. Constitution assumes to be true? In other words, what is the function of each of these branches? What Constitutional Articles identify the nature of these powers? – Articles 1-3 slide 9 8. Be able to identify the federal nature of the US Constitution. In this regard, you will be expected to identify the mechanics and structure of Federalism. With this, do not neglect the place of checks and balances and separation of powers as part of Federalism know these categories as well. – Federal in nature, republican in form 9. Be able to identify some of the principal instruments of checking and balancing outlined in the U. S. Constitution. – Veto powers in terms of office. All are located in lecture 18 10. What are the four kinds of power associated with the U. S. Constitution? What is the definition of each? – Enumerated – The power that is expressly given, Implied – Powers that are not expressly given but are implied, Concurrent – Powers possessed by the national and the state governments, Residual – Powers preserved for the states and for the people 11. What is the significance of Amendments IX and X of the Bill of Rights to the U. S. Constitution? – Residual Powers Principles of Economics: Hazlitt Hazlitt Text: Be prepared for one question related to each of the following chapters: Title is the answer 1. Chp. 4: â€Å"Public Works Mean Taxes† – Public works arnt the best idea in the world because it taxes the people more 2. Chap. 5: â€Å"Taxes Discourage Production† 3. Chap. 6: â€Å"Credit Divers Production. † 4. Chap. 11: â€Å"Who’s ‘Protected’ by Tarriffs? † – The governments own interests 5. Chap. 12: â€Å"The Drive for Exports† – To get income a different way than taxing people 6. Chap. 13: ‘â€Å"Parity† Prices’ 7. Chap. 15: â€Å"How the Price System Works† Your Exam will also contain five extra credit questions. With this, your extra credit option presented in Blackboard must be submitted along with your Final Exam.

The molecular gastronomy

The molecular gastronomy What is molecular gastronomy? Who are its main proponents? Is it simply a fad or new culinary movement The molecular gastronomy term appeared in 1988 presented by a scientist Hungarian physicist Professor Nicholas Kurti and French physical chemist Hervà © This. Molecular gastronomy embraces science about food. It is a scientific investigation on food with new technological equipment and use of natural gums and hydrocolloids. The chefs use modern thickeners, sugar substitutes, enzymes, liquid nitrogen; cooking methods such as sous vide, gastrovac (a vacuum chamber), dehydration; a hold-o-mat (an accurate low-temperature oven) and cryogenics; tools as centrifuges, desiccators. There is no general definition what molecular gastronomy means. Lets have a look at few definitions: The application of scientific principles to the understanding and improvement of domestic and gastronomic food preparation. (Peter Barham) The art and science of choosing, preparing and eating good food. (Thorvald Pedersen) The scientific study of deliciousness. (Harold McGee) Herve This stated that the term ‘molecular gastronomy’ is misinterpreted and misused by media. The top three chefs by the British magazine Restaurant: Ferran Adria from El Bulli in Rosas; Spain, Heston Blumenthal from the Fat Duck in Bray, UK; and Pierre Gagnaire from restaurant in Paris, France, are usually associated with molecular gastronomy. Especially Ferran Adria is considered a father of it. However, these chefs are not very keen on this term and they made a general statement: â€Å"We embrace innovation: new ingredients, appliances, information, techniques and ideas; whatever can make a real contribution to our cooking. But we do not pursue novelty for its own sake. It is, after all, just cooking.† (Heston Blumenthal, 2006). They think that molecular gastronomy is a new approach to cooking. And Heston Blumenthal is concerned that â€Å"the danger is that technology overtakes the value of the dish†. He worried that ‘someones going to do something really stupid and then everyone will point’ to him and say that its all his fault. A science about food helps to understand how to cook healthy and nutritious food, how to make it more attractive. The cooking tools remained the same through the many centuries but educational programmes cannot rely on traditional recipes because cooking products, ingredients and methods changed over time. If cooking would be explored scientifically, the educational health programmes would benefit from it. The scientific exploration of cooking helps chefs to create a new dishes and inventions. All sciences: chemistry, physics, biology, history and sociology are important in cooking. To surprise and delight his customers with exciting, tasty and healthy food is the main objective for all chefs. According to Herve This (2006), ‘a dish can be cooked perfectly, but if it is not presented in an appealing way, all the art and science will mean little to the customer or guest’. The science about food could help to feed the worlds population creating and developing genetically modified food. Nevertheless, some chefs think that molecular gastronomy is ridiculous. Catalan chef, Santi Santamarà ­a, thinks that those using chemicals to experiment with food are just â€Å"playing with food. Jun Tanaka, a British Japanese chef, thinks molecular gastronomy has acquired a poor reputation. To do it properly, you have to understand the science behind the food.† For example, Ferran Adria has been attacked by critics who claim his food is pretentious, elitist and even poisonous in its use of colourants, gelling agents and emulsifiers. Nevertheless, this form of cookery is very expensive, demands high quality ingredients and intensive manpower. The diners raise ethical questions about how the food is produced. Many chefs think that molecular gastronomy term will die in future or will be changed into avant garde cuisine as it is only a fancy name and doesnt describe their cooking. Chefs cook and do not analyse molecules or their movement. Some dishes that are creative, push boundaries of texture, or out-of-the ordinary get the label of molecular gastronomy. For example, fake caviar made from sodium alginate and calcium, burning sherbets, spaghetti made from vegetables. It is a question of time when molecular gastronomy term will disappear. Many chefs think that molecular gastronomy is just a fancy name which was created to attract investors and it doesnt describe their cooking. Chefs cook and dont analyse molecules and their movement. ‘Molecular cuisine’ does not exist, the term means nothing. I have been explaining this for the past five years but the media continues to insist, Adria said in the interview. Ferran Adria is going to close his ElBulli restaurant next year and open a non-profit foundation from 2014. The private foundation will grant between 20 -25 scholarships annually for chefs and other industry professionals who will be interested in food science or ‘contemporary cuisine’. Is it ethical to experiment with food using chemicals ingredients having in mind that the poorest countries suffer from malnutrition? Do chefs need food science knowledge about food if their want to be excellent in their cooking? Bibliography AFP (2010) Worlds top restaurant to become a foundation [online] Available at: http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h-DCnRuKjNnpEejrHh6Dicn9L10w Accessed on 22/02/2010 Arnold, D. (2009) Molecular Gastronomy is just a long four letter word [online] Available at: http://cookingissues.wordpress.com/2009/06/01/molecular-gastronomy-is-just-a-long-four-letter-word/ Accessed at 21/02/2010 Callaway, E. (2009) Science is vital ingredient at worlds best restaurant [online] Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16811-why-science-is-elbullis-vital-ingredient.html?full=true# Accessed on 22/02/2010 Caterer and hotelkeeper (2010) Molecular gastronomy and beyond [online] Available at: http://www.caterersearch.com/Articles/2010/02/12/332183/molecular-gastronomy-and-beyond.html Accessed on 16/02/2010 Cousins, J. OGorman, K. Stierand, M (2009) Molecular gastronomy: cuisine innovation or modern day alchemy? [online] Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?contentType=ArticleFilename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/ijchm-feb-2009-0010_rtc_cl_final.pdf Accessed on 24/02/2010 Edgecumbe, L. (2010) Turning point: El Bullis closure not the end of molecular gastronomy [online] Available at: http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100131/LIFE/701309986/1196 Accessed on 16/02/2010 Espinoza, J, (2010) The state of molecular Gastronomy [online] Available at: http://online.wsj.com/article/SB126532946414240915.html?mod=WSJ_World_MIDDLENews Accessed on 16/02/2010 Herve This (2006) Food for tomorrow? How the scientific discipline of molecular gastronomy could change the way we eat [online] Available at: http://www.nature.com/embor/journal/v7/n11/full/7400850.html Accessed on 16/02/2010 Highfield, R. (2009) An adventure in molecular gastronomy [online] Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/an-adventure-into-molecular-ga.html Accessed on 22/02/2010 Pierce, J.(2008) Food careers, glorious food careers [online] Available at: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826582.000-food-glorious-food.html Accessed on 22/02/2010 The Observer (2010) ‘Molecular Gastronomy is dead’. Heston speaks out [online] Available at: http://observer.guardian.co.uk/foodmonthly/futureoffood/story/0,,1969722,00.html Accessed on 16/02/2010

The Properties of Chemical Reactions

Properties of Chemical Reactions Ms. Whitty, Science 10 Fiona Adams, November 1st, 2012 Introduction Chemical reactions are a part of our daily lives, from rusting metal to making bread to leaves changing colour in the fall. A  chemical reaction  is the process that occurs when two or more substances combine to produce a chemical change. When a chemical reaction takes place, the change is indicated by one or more qualitative properties. The colour or odor could change, gas could be produced, a precipitate – a solid substance in a solution – could be formed, or energy could be absorbed or released.The substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants. When chemical reactions occur, the end result is called a product. Products usually have different properties than reactants; bonds between atoms will be changed during the reaction, switch the atoms’ arrangement in different compounds. A compound is a chemical substance that consists of t wo or more different chemically bonded elements. In this experiment, several different compounds are being worked with – potassium iodide, lead (II) nitrate, acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate.The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether or not a reaction has taken place using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Procedure Part 1 – Qualitative observations of both potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate were recorded in a table. Then, the equipment and chemicals needed were gathered – potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate, a graduated cylinder, Erlenmeyer flask, small test tube, rubber stopper, and small scale. Using the graduated cylinder, 10 mL of potassium iodide solution was measured and poured into the Erlenmeyer flask.Next, the lead (II) nitrate solution was poured into the small test tube until it was approximately half full. The test tube was placed inside the Erlenmeyer flask, and sealed with a rubber stopper – the solutions were not mixed. The mass of flask, stopper and contents were determined by being placed and weighed on a small scale. The mass determined was then recorded in another table. The Erlenmeyer flask was tipped so the previously separate solutions were allowed to mix, and the new mixture was again weighed and recorded in the second table.Changes in appearance from the original solutions were recorded in the first table. Lastly, leftover materials were disposed of. Part 2 – Qualitative observations of both acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate were recorded in a third table. Equipment and chemicals were gathered – acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate, a small scale, two plastic â€Å"weigh boats†, scoopula, and graduated cylinder. The first weigh boat was placed on the scale and the scale was â€Å"zeroed†. One scoop of sodium bicarbonate was poured into the weigh boat with the scoopula, and the results were recorded in a fourth table.Next, the second weigh boat was placed o n the scale and zeroed. Using the graduated cylinder, 15 mL of acetic acid was measured and poured into the weigh boat on the scale. The mass of the acetic acid was recorded in the fourth table. The sodium bicarbonate, measured previously, was poured into the weigh boat of acetic acid, and qualitative observations of that were recorded in the third table. When the reaction was complete, the mass of the products shown on the scale was recorded in the fourth table. Lastly, leftover materials were disposed of. ResultsQualitative Observations Part 1 – Before the reaction took place, both the potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate had similar characteristics – they were both in a liquid state, as well as being clear and colorless. After the reaction, the qualitative observations of the new substance showed several differences. It was yellow in color, and a grainy precipitate had formed. The substance remained in a liquid state. (Table 2) Quantitative Observations from Part 1 – Mass of Reactants and Apparatus (g)| 140. 26| Mass of Products and Apparatus (g)| 140. 26| Qualitative Observations Part 2 –Before the reaction took place, the acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate each had different qualitative characteristics. The acetic acid was clear, colorless and in a liquid state. The sodium bicarbonate, however, was a white powder, in a solid state. The reaction caused the new substance to bubble and foam, producing a gas. (Table 4) Quantitative Observations from Part 2 – Mass of Sodium Bicarbonate (g)| 1. 01| Mass of Acetic Acid (g)| 14. 29| Mass of Products (g)| 14. 88| Analysis Part 1: The chemical reaction that took place was evidenced by several qualitative observations.The colour of the two original substances was clear, and when combined the colour changed to yellow – a change of colour is clear evidence of a chemical reaction. The word equation for this reaction would be – potassium iodide + lead (II) nitrate Potas sium nitrate and lead (II) iodide. In the form of a balanced equation, this reaction would be – 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 2KNO3 + PbI2. Weighing both the reactants and the product showed that the mass of the reactants, with the apparatus, was 140. 26 grams. The mass of the product, with the apparatus, was also 140. 6 grams – the product of this reaction had the same mass as the reactants. These results were expected, based on the Law of Conservation of Mass. The Law of Conservation of Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. The application of the Law of Conservation of Mass means that the mass of products in a chemical reaction will equal the mass of the reactants, and this is consistent with the results of the first experiment. Part 2 Several qualitative observations determined that a chemical reaction took place – the product bubbled, and a gas was produced.The chemical equation for this reaction is CH3COOH + NaHCO3 NaCH3COO + H2O + CO2. Put into a word equation, the equation would be acetic acid + sodium bicarbonate Sodium acetate + water + carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide being a gas. Because a gas is present on the product side of the equation but not on the reactant side, the gas has been produced, which is evidence of a chemical reaction. Weighing the reactants and products showed that the combined mass of the reactants was 15. 30 grams. The combined mass of the products was 14. 8 grams, weighing slightly less than the reactants. This result was expected, because it is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Mass. Although the product weighed on the scale showed a slightly lower mass, this was because the carbon dioxide was a gas, and was not accounted for on the scale. To achieve better results and gain an accurate measurement of the products’ combined mass, it would be necessary to capture the gas and weigh it as well. Part 3: Extension For the chemical reaction AgNO3 + NaCl NaNO3 + AgCl, the total molecular mas s of the reactants would be 228. grams – silver nitrate (AgNO3) would have a mass of 169. 9 grams, and sodium chloride (NaCl) would have a mass of 58. 5 grams. Based on the experiments performed in the lab, and the Law of Conservation of Mass, it is expected that the mass of the products would be 228. 4 grams as well. This prediction can be proved by finding the molecular mass of the reactions products – multiply the mass number of each atom by the number of said atom, and add the amounts to determine the total mass of sodium nitrate and silver chloride, the products. ConclusionUsing qualitative and quantitative analysis, it was determined that reactions took place in each portion of the lab – the first between potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate; the second between sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid. In each section, the reactions were evidenced by several qualitative observations. When potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate were combined, a change of colour occurred in the reactant and a precipitate was formed. This is evidence of a chemical change. When acetic acid and sodium bicarbonate were combined, a gas was produced; also evidence of a chemical reaction.In the experiments, the Law of Conservation of Mass was discovered. The quantitative evidence in each section proved this law. In the first experiment, the mass of the products was equal to the mass of the reaction, indicating that matter was not created or destroyed in the reaction. The results of the second reaction showed a decrease in the mass of the product – however, this was only because the gas formed in the reaction could not be weighed. Application Much of the ease of our current lifestyle is due to the availability of fresh air, pure water and access to resources – all of which are almost entirely taken from the environment.When fossil fuels like coal and oil are mined and utilize, the result is a huge negative impact on the many aspects of the environmen t, and as a direct consequence, our lifestyles. Coal and oil have to be extracted from deep under the earth, transported, and burned. At each stage of this process, greenhouse gases – i. e. , carbon dioxide – are produced. Burning is especially bad for the environment; when burned, fossil fuels like coal and oil release mass amounts of carbon, which then combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide. References University of Washington.Chemical Reactions – an Introduction. http://depts. washington. edu/chemcrs/bulkdisk/chem110A_aut01/notes_Week_5. pdf (accessed Oct. 30, 2012). Science Daily. Science Reference – Chemical Compound. http://www. sciencedaily. com/articles/c/chemical_compound. htm (accessed Oct. 30, 2012). American University. Oil Production and Environmental Damage. http://www1. american. edu/ted/projects/tedcross/xoilpr15. htm (accessed Oct. 30, 2012). Chem Professor. Reactants and Products. http://www. chemprofessor. com/outline7b. htm (acces sed Oct. 30, 2012).

Caribbean Studie

C) The development of systems of productions: Slash and Burn, Encomienda, Slavery, Indentureship, the Plantation system. A system of production refers to the way in which an economy is organizes to provide commodities to sustain society. Slash and Burn When the Spaniards arrived the Arawaks and Caribs were producing Agricultural surpluses and trade was mostly organized around feeding and providing for the wants of the community. The arawaks and caribs used a slash and burn technique in their agricultural production.By the method they would slash (cut down) trees and bushes from the land and then burn them in order to release nutrients into the soil. They would then grow crops in these fields and when they became nutrient deplete they would move unto new plots and repeat the process. Encomienda The Spaniards however brought ideas about how the system of production should be organized. Their main motivation eas the acquisition of precious metals. The Spaniard introduced the Encomienda system of production as a way to organize the enslaved labour in the colonies for productive work.By the encomienda system, a Spanish colonist would be awarded a number of Indians to work for him in the mines and in the fields. In return, the colonist were responsible for teaching them Christian principles, paying them wages and looking after them generally Slavery and Plantation system African slavery was introduced in the 17th century to provide labour on the newly introduced sugar plantations. The Africans were kidnapped from West-Africa and forced to work on Sugar plantations in the Caribbean.Under this system the profits were then repatriated to Europe and used to promote manufacturing and industrial strength in Europe. Slavery can be considered to be a total institution because it dominated every aspect of African lives to ensure that they provided profit. They controlled what the Africans ate and what they were allowed to do. The slaves were expected to work long hours on the plantation in the sugar fields without pay and live in poor social conditions. Peasantry groups Peasants are usually small-scale farmers who own their own land, on which hey produce most of their own food; and which they produce items for internal sale in markets and in some instances export. These peasantries were usually established on the peripheries of plantation areas wherever they could find land; on abandoned plantations and in the mountainous interiors of the various territories. Different to the mono-culture nature of the plantation system the peaantry was a diversified agricultural system producing numerous crops such as cocoa, rice, bananas, citrus, coffee. )Responses of Caribbean people to oppression and genocide: Resistance, revolution, development of peasant groups. Indians The native Indians devised techniques to resist the European settlers. The earliest account of this was from 1493 when Taino men killed Spanish settlers in Hipaniola because they ill-treated native women. There were a number of leaders who would organize their people to fight back against the Spaniards. HATUEY in Cuba. However they were no match to the superior military might of the Spanish.The Caribs were much more effective in their resistance attempt. As a people the caribs were highly mobile often moving from place to place in their dug out canoes and this allowed them to elude capture. They did not fight open battles but often engaged in guerilla warfare, employing poisoned arrows, poisoning water supplies and raiding Spanish settlements. Gradually the superior weaponery of the Europeans drove them out of their islands. However, the Europeans eventually formed treaties to ensure their survival. Today they are still caribs in Dominica, Grenada, St.Vincent. Africans African slaves resisted their situations in many ways. There was non-violent resistance where the African alves would refuse to work, damage work equipment, purposely misunderstand instructions and compose song s which would mimick the white man. Where the white Christians would try to force their religion on them they hybridize there to form they own religions; Rastafarianism, shouter Baptists, Orisha, etc. Also there is the folk-lore in the form of Anansis stories which recounted African oral folklore.Maroonage; this was running away to settle in the interior away from the plantation and form native African villages Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana. These maroon villages acted as a beacon of hope for those on the plantation and also helped to maintain African customs and ways of life. Maroon villages exist to this day. They would also resist through music in the form of drums . Indians The Indians in many instances openly protested their poor living conditions and hardship. In some instances they engaged in large scale open protest and rebellion against the Europeans.One of the most notable examples of this were the Leonora Riots on Leonora estate in Guyana in 1969. Indians also simply ran away or refused to work. They would also establish small businesses on the side and engage in peasantry. This entrepreneurship was a productive form of resilience and it led to their quick independence from the plantation. Peasantry groups At the end of slavery, ex-slaves escaped to available lands in their territories as a form of rebellion against the formers masters. The Indian indentured labourers also often escaped to peasantry at the end of their periods of indentureship.Peasants are usually small-scale farmers who own their own land, on which they produce most of their own food; and which they produce items for internal sale in markets and in some instances export. These peasantries were usually established on the peripheries of plantation areas wherever they could find land; on abandoned plantations and in the mountainous interiors of the various territories. Different to the mono-culture nature of the plantation system the peaantry was a diversified agricultural system producin g numerous crops such as cocoa, rice, bananas, citrus, coffee.

Tips to Write a Great Letter to the Editor

Tips to Write a Great Letter to the Editor Since the earliest days of newspaper and magazine publishing, community members  have written letters to publication  editors as a way to respond to stories theyve read. These letters could range  in topics from heartwarming human interest notes, to comments about publication design,  to the more common (and sometimes  passionate) political rants. As more and more of our publications have gone entirely online, the art of writing well-researched, well-constructed letters has dwindled. But letters to editors are still appearing in many publications, and teachers find that assigning this type of letter is useful in developing many skills. Teachers could use this exercise to encourage student participation in political discourse, or they may find this exercise valuable as a tool for developing logical  argument essays. Whether youre responding to a class requirement, or youre  motivated by a passionate point of view, you can use these guidelines to draft a letter to the editor of a newspaper or magazine. Difficulty: Hard Time Required: Three drafts What You Need Newspaper or magazineComputer/laptop or paper and penA strong point of view Writing a Letter to the Editor Select a topic or a publication. If you are writing because youve been instructed to do so in a class assignment, you should start by reading a publication that is likely to contain articles that interest you. It is a good idea to read your local newspaper to look for local and current events that matter to you. You may also choose to look at magazines that contain articles that interest you. Fashion magazines, science magazines, and entertainment publications all contain letters from readers.Read the instructions provided. Most publications provide guidelines for letters to the editor. Look over the first few pages of your publication for a set of suggestions and guidelines and follow them carefully.Include your name, address, email address, and phone number at the top of your letter. Editors often require this information because they will need to verify your identity. You can state that this information is not to be published. If you are responding to an article or letter, say so right away. Name the article in the first sentence of the body of your letter. Be concise and focused. Write your letter in pithy, clever statements, but remember that this is not easy to do! You will probably need to write several drafts of your letter to condense your message.Limit your writing to two or three paragraphs. Try sticking to the following format:In your first paragraph, introduce your problem and sum up your objection.In the second paragraph, include a few sentences to support your view.End with a great summary and a clever, punchy line.Proofread. Editors will ignore letters that contain bad grammar and poorly-written rants.Submit your letter by email if the publication allows it. This format enables the editor to cut and paste. Tips If youre responding to an article youve read, be prompt. Dont wait or your topic will be old news.Remember that the more popular and widely-read publications receive hundreds of letters. You have a better chance of getting your letter published in a smaller publication.If you dont want your name to be published, state so clearly. You can put any direction or request like this in a separate paragraph. For example, you can simply put Please note: I do not want my full name to be published with this letter. If you are a minor, inform the editor of this as well.Since your letter may be edited, you should get to the point early. Dont bury your point inside a lengthy argument. Dont appear to be overly emotional. You can avoid this by limiting your exclamation points. Also, avoid insulting language.Remember that short, concise letters sound confident. Long, wordy letters give the impression that youre trying too hard to make a point.

Overview of Animal Cruelty

Overview of Animal Cruelty The term animal cruelty gets thrown around a lot, but an animal activists definition of animal cruelty may be very different from that of a hunter, a vivisector or a farmer. There is also a legal definition of animal cruelty that varies by state in the U.S., to confuse things further. Essentially, though, animal cruelty boils down to inhumane acts against animals of all walks of life, including starving domesticated pets, torturing any creatures and excessive killing of animals for sport. Animal Cruelty Law in the United States In the United States, there is no federal animal cruelty law. While some federal laws, like the Animal Welfare Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act or the Endangered Species Act restrict when or how certain animals in certain situations may be harmed or killed, these federal laws do not cover the more typical case, such as the person who intentionally kills the neighbors dog. Every state has an animal cruelty statute, and some offer stronger protections than others. Hence, the legal definition of animal cruelty will vary according to which state you are in, and some places have very large exemptions. For example, most states have exemptions for wildlife, animals in laboratories, and common agricultural practices, such as debeaking or castration. Some states exempt rodeos, zoos, circuses and pest control. However, some states may also have separate laws banning practices like cockfighting, dog fighting or horse slaughter - activities observed as inhumane by the majority of Americans. Where the legal definition is lacking, at least for animal rights activists, is in protecting all creatures from unnecessary suffering at the hands of mankind.   In any case, if someone is found guilty of animal cruelty, penalties also vary by state. Most states provide for the seizure of the animal victims and reimbursement for expenses for the animals care, and while some allow counseling or community service as part of the sentencing, twenty-three states have felony penalties of over a year in prison for animal cruelty. For more information, the Animal Legal and Historic Center provides an excellent, detailed overview of animal cruelty statutes in the U.S. To find your states animal cruelty statute, go to the Centers site and choose your state from the drop-down menu on the left. The Common Understanding Animal cruelty cases make headlines around the country every day, whether its the person who kills the neighbors cat, the hoarder of sick and dying animals, or the family whose starving, freezing dog is tied up outside in the middle of winter. These acts would likely constitute animal cruelty under any states animal cruelty statute, and would also fit with the publics common understanding of the term. However, when it comes to animals other than cats and dogs, peoples concept of the term animal cruelty varies greatly. Most animal activists would say that traditional agricultural practices such as debeaking, tail docking, castration, and confinement on factory farms are animal cruelty. Although some people do agree, as evidenced by the passage of Prop 2 in California, factory farmers and most other states animal cruelty laws havent yet adopted these same values. While some might base their definition of animal cruelty on how much the animal suffers or feels pain during death, the amount of suffering is not relevant for animal rights activists because the animals are deprived of their right to live and exist free of human use and abuse. Some may also base their definition on which type of animal is involved or how intelligent they perceive that animal to be. The slaughter of dogs, horses or whales for meat may be the epitome of animal cruelty to some, while the killing of cows, pigs, and chickens are acceptable to those same individuals. Similarly, to some, the killing of animals for fur or cosmetics testing may constitute unacceptable animal cruelty while the killing of animals for food is acceptable. Among the general public, the more culturally beloved the animal is and the more unusual the harm is, the more likely they are to be outraged and label the harm to that animal as animal cruelty. To animal activists, a much wider range of harms is called animal cruelty. Animal rights activists would argue that cruelty is cruelty, regardless of how common or legal the harm is.

Sexual harassment in working place Research Paper

Sexual harassment in working place - Research Paper Example Behavior of a perpetrator is still unwelcome even if it is intended in good spirit. Regardless of the behavior of the perpetrator, it is the feeling of the victim about the behavior that becomes relevant. The victim does not have to express her/his displeasure to the perpetrator. It is sufficient if the victim does not reciprocate by returning the behavior, not laughing at the jokes or show resentment, turn away or begin avoiding the offender. It is the body language of the victim that matters. Even if there is no expression, behavior is unwelcome to satisfy the test. Thus, the 'A' element is entirely subjective on the part of the complainant. Though the complainant may appear to be very sensitive, one should not substitute one’s judgment for the victim’s judgment. It should be only examined whether the victim genuinely felt the perpetrator’s behavior as unwelcome. The complainant might have encountered similar behavior from others but singled out a particular pe rson s behavior as unacceptable or unwelcome. In legal sense, it is certainly perfect to disapprove of certain conduct of certain people. A woman ‘s complaint can be valid if she finds a new colleague’s dirty joke offensive though she might have told the same joke to another colleague she knows for a long time. In quid pro quo complaints, the complainant might have made the behavior welcome and later claim that such relationship was not resisted in order not to lose her/his job. Employers must take care to keep a confidential note of the time and date and admissions of the two opposite sexes’ relationship with each other so that it can be handy if either party turns hostile later. The management is liable for its supervisor’s sexual harassment of a subordinate even if the management has condoned the supervisor’s sexual harassment and has a written policy to that effect. In California, an employer can avoid liability if the complainant could have avo ided such situations without undue risk, expense or humiliation. Under federal law, employers may claim affirmative defense in case of supervisors engaging in sexual harassment without favoring the victim. It is an absolute defense available to employers under federal law but there should be available the elements of avoidable consequence doctrine. They are 1) the employer has already taken steps to prevent and correct sexual harassment at workplace. 2) the employee without reason failed to make use of the preventive and corrective measures. 3) The measures would have prevented the harm had the complainant made reasonable use of them (Whittenbury). USA Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1964 prohibits sexual discrimination that includes sexual harassment among other forms of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, pregnancy and national origin at workplace or work-related matters. All private establishments, state and local governments and educational institutions employi ng fifteen or more individuals for twenty or more weeks per year come under the purview of this Act. The others include private and public employment agencies, labor organizations, joint labor-management committees, U.S. companies outside the U.S. employing U.S. citizens (Bell). Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a federal law. In California, there is a state level act namely Fair Employment and Housing Act that primarily prohibits sexual harassmen

Innovation and Management of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Innovation and Management of Change - Essay Example The innovation is a result of knowledge management, value chain management, customer partnership, distribution, finance, manufacturing and competitiveness. The innovation and changes it brings in the organizations can be analysed by a frame work and different models. These are useful in assessing the effectiveness of innovation and change. The structure, systems, style, skills, staff and shared values are the key elements in making any organization successful. This tells that the innovation and change also should be brought in these elements uniformly so that they effect each other's operations positively. This helps the managers to address and manage the difficulties posed by changes that are necessary for long term development of the company. In general the initiation of the innovation by leaders in the managers will lead to break the rules. The declaration of the future by the leader will involve a purpose for the company in the future. This involves the enterprise wide approach t o business process management and can remove the obstacles blocking execution of management intentions. This increases agility and focus on the activities of the business. When organizational structure defines the framework, there is less probability for innovation. The innovation and successful change is possible by it when work defines the organizational structure. The organizational defined such will be flexible, permeable and fluid. 1 2. Organisational Culture Today's business environment needs innovative techniques in the way they work. Identification of work place practices that respond to the challenges of innovation and change is necessary. In case of Fel Pro all the practices are concentrated on employee welfare and less on innovation. The organisational culture has driven the work and work did not drove the organisational culture in the organisation. Though the company is exemplary in taking care of employees, it lacked innovation in production, products, marketing. Innovation and change in positive direction will help the organisation to create better jobs and better business. Though in 1993 the company is in good position, after 10 years, the company is in a fix to hold its customers who are big manufacturers. Though it has minimum attrition rate of the employees, the company is facing the risk of loosing the market for its products. The reluctance of the management to globalise the company can be an example for innovation. The com pany is successful in using all the funds available to develop fixed assets that are not useful to innovate production like employee entertainment and recreation. Even the basic steps that help to create better jobs and better business results are absent. The company followed more conventional methods than the innovative changes. The high performance of the company is due to the discipline and perfection in a particular are of the production and that are has not been innovated in the course of time. The staff should intend to high performance that is innovative and changing according to the market needs and changes. The company has improved the benefits for the employees and employee relations with the management but did not forecast the decrease of the market for gaskets, for which it has mastered the production activities. Though