Aging in the elderly

There is what people call as the art of getting old. This has probably an element of truth because getting old makes many people poorly inferior, insecure and irritable. To grow old takes wisdom meaning the maturement physiological aspects argon there simply to be gracious about it whitethorn dish up us view our mortality, accept all with humbleness that limitations are inevitable.Many who were once strong and athletic, the reality of losing ones vigor would seem unacceptable. Its unverbalised to swallow the negative realism of aging. The simple chores that once were indeed simple have now obtain impossible tasks to any(prenominal) individuals who were once upon a time, mighty competitors in some events in sports.Running may non be advisable anyto a greater extent. Walking, the most common movement to a normal functioning individual is punishing when arthritis has already crept into his joints (Smith et al, 1997 in http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004023.htm) .Physical changes are natural occurrences of wear and tear and are included in the order of things since time immemorial (Smith, Suzanna et al in Rantanen et al, 1997).This is one of natures physiological laws that no matter how many technological breakthroughs have been discovered and come to the forefront of human existence, up boulder clay now, the best of these man-make intelligent inventions are not able to arrest these signs of deterioration.A senior citizen has to deal with problems such(prenominal) as high blood pressure, the cumulative effects of fatty deposits or cholesterol build up, some parts of the body that almost do not work anymore, and those parts that work may perplex pain and a degree of discomfort (Seek wellness, 2000).Physical activity as mentioned, have some benefits to slow carry out degenerative disorders but are not designed to reverse the course of aging. What is more tragic at times is, whenever people realize that the symptoms of aging are already the re, its too late for them.They are now coping with regrets for earlier times and opportunities that had passed these were opportunities supposed to avert and prevent the speedy physical breakdown and enjoy more quality of life in their later years. age people have emaciated enjoyments in their twilight years because they are subjected to abuse, mistreatment and exploitations simply because they are appraised as frail and inept by the majority. The increasing isolation they are experiencing even from their own children who, oftentimes, relegate them to homes or institutions do not help diminish the perception of their capabilities (Seek wellness, 2000).Regular exercise does help. Because of the many physical changes that occur in aging, a lot of ad scantilyments as well are in order so that the body is better able to cope with these changes.Two major parts of a persons physique are affected in the aging litigate namely, the muscles and gussy ups. Joints and bones structure become rigid with age. This causes a decrease in height, a bent posture, and hence, enunciate limitations in movements. The prospect of these changes, however, need not hinder nor discourage a person to establish or maintain a regular regimen.Though it may now hurt to move and stretch ones joints, to yield to inactivity will all the more result to deterioration and more agony (Smith, in http//nihseniorhealth.gov/exercise/benefitsofexercise/03.html, 2007).Because the tendency of less and less movement goes with aging, and because calcium (a necessary mineral for the bone) is not captive into the bones generously as when younger, the resulting consequence is the brittling of the bones, a common cause of skeletal or bone fracture among the venerable.When ligaments connecting bones lose flexibility, it causes pain and discomfort. Older people as compared to younger ones need more cushioned shoes as the fat between the bones of the foot is becoming thinner (______Aging physical changes).For many of the older or aging individuals the issue about mental health is not affecting them to a significant degree. Problems that commonly beset younger generations such as alcoholism, depression and other illnesses may not necessarily afflict them and in many cases may even be reversed, for instance, dementia, as dour as timely treatment is afforded to the patient.Only Alzheimers, Parkinsons and multi-infarct dementia are cases where the patients condition is no longer reversible (Papalia et al, 2002).ConclusionResearchers have provided us with much information on how to help and what kind of service are most likely will yield more positive results where the aging issues are concerned. Gleaning from those acquirable informations, here are some helpful suggestionsOutreach procreation (Redwood, 2003). This approach is effective. Most of the elderly are just waiting to be helped. Some of them just do not know how to avail with the resources that the government has made available for them.The least that we can do is to assist them with the help of some social workers or person-to-person outreach just to engage them in the options that are available to them such self-maintenance, exercise regimen, diet, healthy outlook towards their aging years, and treatment or case management services (Baker et al,2000).A regular show of care to establish in-person relationship in order to encourage them such as what was suggested by Ms. Banks on reading to the elderly (Griffith, 2000) or to receive preventive and treatment and or intervention options (Telford and Rogers, 2003) as well as ply with their various needs are aspects of educating the elderly.ReferenceBaker, D. W., Gazmararian, J. A., Sudano, J. and Patterson, M. 2000. The association between age and health literacy among elderly persons. The Journals of Gerontology serial B Psychological sciences and social sciences 55B (6), S368. Retrieved on August 3, 2007, from Proquest.Griffith, R. W. 2000. Reading to t he elderly. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http//www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=755.Redwood, Heinz. 2003. Patients Health and Education How Strong Is the Link? Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http//www.healthandage.com/Home/%21gm%3D20%21gsq%3Delderly%21gid2=2189.Seek Wellness, 2000. Fitness facts for older Americans. Retrieved on July 24, 2008, from http//www.seekwellness.com/fitness/fitness_facts.htm.Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Cambridge refer for Behavioral Studies. (1997-2005). Aging gracefullyphysical activity. Retrieved July 24, 2008.Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Fall Hazard Checklist (1987). Clinical Report on Aging, 1, 5. from Physical Changes of Aging National Institute on Aging (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http//www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htmSmith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in Rantanen, T., Era, P. & Heikkinen, E. (1997). Physical activity and the changes in maximal isometric strength i n men and women from the age of 75 to 80 years. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 1534-1535.Smith, Suzanna, Jennifer E. Gove in National Institute on Aging (n.d.). Aging and Your Eyes. Retrieved July 24, 2008 from http//www.nia.nih.gov/health/agepages/eyes/htm______Aging physical changes. University of Iowa, Hospital and Clinics Accessed in http//www.uihealthcare.com/topics/aging/agin4120.html July 24, 2008Telford, R. and Rogers, A. (2003). What influences elderly peoples decisions about whether to accept the influenza vaccination? A qualitative study. Health Education Research 18 (6), 743. Accessed on July 24, 2008, from Proquest._____Aging Outlline, Accessed July 24, 2008 in

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Debate Paper Legalization of hemp Cannabis, excessively referred to as marijuana, is the third most popular recreational drug, behind only tobacco and alcohol, in the united States (Whiteho mathematical function. gov, 2013). Efforts to legalize ganja as medicine and recreational use in the United States spend a penny bad exponentially in modern twelvemonths. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) hemp may process decrease nausea, chivy appetite, and decrease pain (2006). Alternately, the American checkup Association (AMA) does non support have marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting opinions around this highly controversial drug, there ar many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans employ marijuana in 2010 however, our nation spends over seven billion per year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred drug for Americans. Overall, 6. 9 percent, or 17. million, of the United States population used marijuana in 2010 according to the survey by the Substance holler and Mental Health Services Administration (Increase Use of marijuana, 2011, para. 2). Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economic science professor at Harvard University, completed a study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, $7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition. $5. 3 billion of this savings would accrue to state and local governments, date $2. billion would accrue to the federal government (Cost of Illegalization of cannabis, n. d. ). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930s (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are non only wasting $7. 7 billion per year, provided losing potential revenue. Americans could stand to profit a substantial amount of income if marijuana were to be legalized and regulated by the Department of Agri grow. Revenue from taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2. billion per year if marijuana were taxed interchangeable ordinary consumer goods to $6. 2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco and alcohol. This program line is supported by evidence supportd by the United States Institute of Medicine, or IOM. The IOM states fewer than one in 10 marijuana smokers become regular users of the drug, and most voluntary cease their use after 34 years of age.By comparison, 15 percent of alcohol consumers and 32 percent of tobacco smokers exhibit symptoms of drug dependency (S upporting evidence, n. d. , para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require switching medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience ill at ease(predicate) withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM. President Richard Nixon commissioned the National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse in 1972.The primary objective the commission was to expose dangers of drug use and provide a detailed report on marijuana. Nixons commission issued a report titled, Marijuana A designate of Misunderstanding, which reviewed existing marijuana studies and determined marijuana does not cause physical addiction (National Commission on Marijuana, 1974). Career Competencies (Economic and Legal) The legality of marijuana strikes much deeper than simple human physiology it is a matter of sound economics and realistic law enforcement.There are negative aspects of m arijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate onetime(a) rhetoric where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be contained a gateway drug is because often times consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes and minds to see how much money and effort is pointless to fight a losing battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the finis is straightforward marijuana should be legalized.Argument Against Contrary to popular belief, marijuana is addictive, and can lead to other health problems such as lung cancer, clinical depression sexual drive (libido), and of utmost importance is to address the concern of marijuana as a gateway drug. Addiction has been redefined and continually evolving for decades. Whether a given substance is defined as addictive in a given society or culture, h as to do largely with social bespoke and political convenience. Caffeine and tobacco are largely ignored because battalion mainly do not care about addiction to these popular, legal, and accepted drugs, unless they are trying to quit.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction is a condition in which the body must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is blemish to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. Marijuana is sex-inhibiting. When an individual uses the drug it is state they withdraw into themselves and lose the connection with their partner.Research into this phenomenon dates plump for to the 1970s in which one report showed it reduces testosterone enough to queer the libido in many women and in some men. According to this research, some of the responses included My boyfriend and I have smoked (fairly heavily) for the past year and I would say that it 100% has a terrible effect on our sex life. Its been a huge libido killer for our relationship As Ive keep to use marijuana (been almost five years smoking now) its inhibited sex for me more than than and more (Castleman, 2012).Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway possible action postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test this theory a group of researchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the tetrahydrocannabinol (the chemic found in marijuana delivering the high) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed access to heroin by pressing a lever. According to this study, the rats who were administered the THC took larger doses of heroin than the rats who did not receive the THC injection (Ellgren, 2007). Upon inspection of the rats brain, it was discovered the brain cells associated with positive emotions were alter by the THC dosage, thus lending the need for higher drive for more heroin than those without the THC.Ethical Issues more(prenominal) research is needed in order to legislate the use of marijuana. Contemporary medicine and pharmacology are based upon the application of scientific principles and extensive clinical research to determine the safetyty and efficacy of a drug. Marinol, a synthetic substance version of the naturally occurring component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effectual treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms cognise as wasting syndrome. Many proponents of legalizing marijuan a for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference amid marinol and marijuana is that marinol does not stimulate the high associated with marijuana. Career Competencies (Psychology) Psychologists from all over the United States attest to the negative cause of cannabis.According to the Diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) a cannabis user can develop cannabis intoxication- development of dysfunctional behavior that developed shortly after or during cannabis use cannabis intoxication delirium- a disturbance of consciousness with reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention cannabis-induced psychotic disorder, with delusions- prominent hallucinations or delusions in excess of those usually associated with the intoxication and cannabis-induced anxiety disorder- prominent anxiety, panic attacks, or obsessions or compulsions that causes world-shattering distress or impairment in soci al, occupational, or other important areas of functioning American psychiatric Association, (2000).The DSM has other classifications for cannabis use however the intellectual disturbances highlighted promote the more severe effects of continued marijuana use. Conclusion Marijuana has the reputation of being a gateway drug, although not every heroin addict started out smoking marijuana. Marijuana is prohibited and it puts individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, hence if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those individuals would never have to be exposed to those situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there allow for be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the akin aliments however, they also come wi th side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms. Taxation of marijuana just would help the economy. The fact the U. S. is wasting 7. 7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. darn law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor marijuana should be legalized. The use of Marijuana and Cultural difference between Japan and The United States The history of Cannabis in the country of Japan can be traced back to 300 500 BC. Cannabis was a widely used plant for the majority of Japanese culture and daily lives. Cannabis fibers were used to not only create baskets and fishing tools, but were also used in creating divine clothing for the Emperors. Burning of cannabis was also used for old traditions, for instance rooms of worship were purified by burning cannabis leave by the entrance. This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, sublime the room, and encourage people to dance.Japans cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the end of orb War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It was America General Douglas MacArthur and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese reputation in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis. ascribable to the extreme cultivating of cannabis and its widely uses in daily lives, Western companies found a market with providing synthetic products to replace cannabis. Today, cannabis is a drug guarded and considered taboo among the Japanese culture.The use a nd history of cannabis is all but forgotten within todays Japanese society, and when it is discovered people have, or are using it recreationally, they are shunned and casted as stone-cold drug addicts (Uno, 2011). Many Japanese people consider marijuana and other hard drugs to be the exact same and believe all drugs have the same effect. This ideal thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some lysergic acid diethylamide (Hays, 2009). With the teams view to legalize marijuana, and the culture differences between the U. S. nd Japan, the source step to move towards a Pro-Marijuana Japanese country would be to educate the people on the benefits cannabis can provide. As described above, the monetary profit gained would be tremendous and can go back to the people in various ways. The people would also need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and prey many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and certain laws banning its use. References American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013). Retrieved from http//www. ama-assn. rg/ American Psychiatric Association, (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (4th ed. ). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http//www. apa. org/topics/addiction/index. aspx Argument Marijuana is not addictive. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http//dbp. idebate. org/en/index. php/Argument_Marijuana_is_not_a ddictive Bonnie, R. , & Whitbread, C. (n. d). The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http//www. druglibrary. org/schaffer/Library/studies/vlr/vlr3. htm Castleman, Michael. Marijuanas Effects on Sex Vary with Individuals. Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2012. debate Viewpoints. Rpt. from Marijuana and Sex Surprising Results of This Bloggers Informal Survey. Psychology Today (1 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. Ellgren, Maria. neurobiological effects of early life cannabis exposure in relation to the gateway hypothesis (2007). Retrieved from http//publications. ki. se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http//www. fda. gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108643. htm Hays, J. (2009).Marijuana, Legal Highs and Illeg al drugs in Japan. Retrieved from http//factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a Good Idea. Medical Marijuana. Ed. Noel Merino. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2011. Current Controversies. Rpt. from The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana A Physicians Perspective. 2007. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 22 Mar. 2013. Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011). Retrieved March 24, 2013, from http//www. reuters. com/ condition/2011/09/08/usa-drugs-idUSN1E7870N520110908 Olson, D. (1998). Hempen cultrue in Japan. Retrieved from http//www. cannabisculture. om/articles/101. html/ Stirring the Pot Could Legalizing Marijuana Save the Economy?. (2013). Retrieved from http//www. forbes. com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2012/04/20/stirring-the-pot-could-legalizing-marijuana-save-the-economy/ The first report of the National Commission on marihuana (1972) signal of misunderstanding or exercise in ambiguity. (1974). Retrieve d from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1749335/ The White House President Barak Obama. (2013). Retrieved from http//m. whitehouse. gov/ondcp/marijuana Uno, M. (2011). WEED CRISIS Enter Japans Void. Retrieved from http//www. thestarklife. com/2011/06/17/weed-in-japan/